Introduction PETN is one of the high energy materials having oxidizer and fuel in the same molecule1. PETN is used as a secondary explosive. Using a different primary explosive to initiate the secondary has its limitations such as, problems in synthesizing high sensitive primary explosives, heterogeneity etc. PETN is considered to have medium sensitivity towards the impact and electric shock. …

INTRODUCTION Magnesium alloys are widely used as a structural material for automotive, aerospace and electronics shielding applications because of its good mechanical and low density properties. It is termed as a lightest and green structural material of 21st century1. Magnesium alloys are divided into cast magnesium alloys and wrought magnesium ones according to the processing. Main commercial magnesium alloys include …

INTRODUCTION A convex triangular obstacle forms a vital part of a periodic echellete grating. In recent years1-10 quite a good number of results have been reported pertaining to the reflection, grazing and the diffraction of a propagating EM wave through a smooth, conducting and convex triangular obstacle K (Fig. 1). The obstacle is supposed to be hollow with an open …

Introduction Many natural mineral are used to manufacture floor tiles for household floorings. The demand of a variety of flooring materials has lead to develop various types of ceramic tiles. In India the ceramic industry is one of the fastest growing industries, more then 200 manufacturing units of ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles and sanitary wares are situated at Morbi (Rajkot …

Introduction Magnesium base alloy AZ92 has a prime importance in aerospace and automobile industry and has competitive mechanical properties with other magnesium base alloys. Since Age hardening or precipitation hardening is the most commonly used method for strengthening of light alloys1.  The fundamental understanding and basis for precipitation hardening, or age hardening, was established in early work at the U. …

Introduction Polymeric materials are playing very important role in the modern society and are replacing metals in diverse field of life.1-3 However, the major drawbacks of polymeric materials are their non-biodegradability especially those derived from petrochemicals.4,5 Furthermore use of petrochemicals largely affected the environment with the increase in emission of green house gases and accumulation of non-biodegradable waste on earth6. …

Introduction Green chemistry is an invention, design ,development and application of chemical product and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of the substances hazardous to the human health and environment. Microwave assisted organic synthesis is one such component of  green chemistry 1 Schiff bases and their metal complexes have been found to posses important biological and industrial …

Introduction Ceramic gelcasting was developed rapidly over the past decade due to its capability of nearer-net-configuration of fine ceramic segments. The main advantages of the gelcasting technique include more accuracy in its dimensional states and capability to produce complex shapes, as well as decreasing the manufacturing cost. In-situ polymerization of monomer solution in the presence of ceramic powder into a …

Introduction Polymer electrolytes are important category of superionic conductors, which gained importance because of their applications in different solid state ionic devices. Research on polymer electrolytes started in early seventies, when complexation of alkali metal salts (MX) with high molecular weight polyethylene oxide (PEO) have been reported in 1973,1 but these materials became important only when their technological significance as electrolytes …

Introduction Particulate reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites (Al MMCs) and other aluminium based materials having huge applications in diverse fields such as light weight automotive structures, forgings for suspension, chassis, as well as advanced automotive components are exposed to a wide variety of corroding environment. Alloys of Al reinforced with ceramic oxides, carbides, nitrides and mineral silicate particulates possess attractive …

Introduction Materials have been very important in the history of human endeavors. One of the more important groups of materials in our lives today is composite material. The man made composite material, is a three-dimensional combination of at least two chemically distinct materials, with a distinct interface separating the components, created to obtain properties that cannot be achieved by any …

Introduction Surface topography is the representation of geometric as well as functional features of the surfaces produced. Due to machining or metal working process assessment of surface topography comprises measurement of surface roughness which gives idea about the smoothness of the surface and the examination of the surface alterations. Surface alterations are fundamentally damage or flaws which are produced when …

Introduction First transition series metals have wide spectrum of industrial applications, especially in steel, catalyst, alloy, electroplating, ceramics & petrochemical industries1-3. Some of them play important roles in the biology of micro-organisms, plants and human nutrient. Among heavy elements, Mn (II) and Cu (II) metal ions are problematic in human physiology4-5. Manganese is widely distributed in earth crust and biological …

Introduction The enhancement of ionic conductivity in inorganic ionic solids by dispersion of fine insulating and insoluble particles has been reported by several authors1. The presence of high ionic conductivity with negligible electronic conductivity of these systems has attracted a great deal of interest from industry and researchers due to their potential applications in solid state ionic devices in the …

Introduction GaSb is a potential III-V semiconductor material required for transistors, laser diodes, photo-detectors and fiber optic communication and other related opto-electronic applications [1].  GaSb has the band gap of 0.17 eV at 300K, that corresponds to IR wave length (6.2 um) and thus find in variety of IR related optoelectronic applications. Gallium antimonide is an important substrate material due …

Introduction Organic semiconductors, such as metal phthalocyaninesm (MPcs) have gained much research attention in the development of photodetectors, organic transistors, sensitive gas sensors, and flexible solar cells [1-5]. Metal phthalocyanines exhibit thermal stability, chemical inertness, high molecular symmetry, and favorable optical properties. Besides, MPcs can be easily sublimed in high vacuum resulting relatively pure thin films with good growth properties …

Introduction Strontium ferrite compound (SrFe12O19) belongs to hexaferrite group, which attracts a considerable attention due to their enormous ability to be used as storage media and the fabrication of permanent magnets. Fabrication method plays an important role in determining the magnetic, electrical and some structural properties of the end product. Also the magnetic properties can be controlled by the replacement …

Introduction To improve the stability and detection performance of biosensors it is important to find suitable substrates for conjugating target specific bioreceptors and develop strong attachment chemistry [1]. An ideal substrate should be chemically robust, easily functionalized, and compatible with a wide variety of analytical modalities (fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, microscopy, electrochemistry, etc.). Recently, many efforts have been invested on …

Introduction Iron based metallic glasses metallic glasses have been the focus of intensive research because of their high magnetic induction, soft magnetic properties and potentially low materials costs.1 Among the ternary Fe-based metal metalloid glasses the Fe78B13Si9 is of particular interest for two reasons (i) it is a parent alloy for many Finemet alloys and close in composition to some …

Introduction Glipizide (trade name, Glucotrol) is one of the most commonly prescribed drug for treatment of type -II diabetes mellitus. It is an oral hypoglycemic drug. Its empirical formula is C21H27N5O4S, molecular weight is 445.55 and IUPAC name is 1cyclohexyl 3[[p[2(5methyl pyrazine carboxamido)- ethyl] phenyl] sulfonyl] urea. Glipizide is a bi substituted urea derivative which can exist in keto and …

Introduction Nanoparticles with sizes ranging between objects and microparticles have attracted much attention. These particles with various specialized functions not only deepen our understanding of nature, but also serve as the basis for the development of new advanced technology. Nanoparticles are characterized by size-dependent properties both size and surface effects are important. By controlling these, it is possible in principle …

Introduction The Carbon Nanotubes are first invented by Iijima1 in 1991. Later they have fascinated almost all the scientists and researchers because of their unique properties like mechanical properties i.e., structural perfection, high strength and stiffness, low density, small in size etc.2-3 They are stronger and superior than, when compare with the performance of any other materials like steel, tungsten …

Introduction The aim is to provide a global approach on alternate fuels such as ethanol, biodiesel, vegetable oils, bio-oils, and other bio renewable liquid fuels for the future of energy of transportation. It is possible that sugar cane, Corn, Wood, Straw and even household wastes may be economically converted to bio-fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Climatic change is our greatest …

Introduction The supply of clean energy for our society is a central challenge to maintain our standard of living. It is important to change from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources for two main reasons: Firstly, the natural resources of gas and oil are limited and will run out. Secondly and more importantly, a continued dependence on fossil fuels would …

Introduction The effluents from mines and metal industries pose serious problems in removal of heavy toxic metal ions. The contents of these metals in effluent are almost above the valid limit1–3; they can be reduced by treatment with lime, but the result is not satisfactory. Thus ion-exchange technique has proved very useful. The ion-exchange resin can be used for metal extraction …

Introduction Natural Bond Orbitals (NBOs) are localized few-center orbitals that describe the Lewis-like molecular bonding pattern of electron pairs (or of individual electrons in the open-shell case) in optimally compact form. The natural bonding orbitals analysis has been performed in order to investigate intra-molecular charge transfer interactions, re-hybridization and delocalization of electron density within the molecules. In the NBO analysis1, …

Introduction Any novel material designed and fabricated to be used as a therapeutic bioimplant in order to replace damaged or diseased tissues or bones must fulfil certain criteria related to implant-tissue interaction in a living body. The necessary criteria for a successful bioimplant material must be high osteoconductivity, ability to promote regeneration of new tissue, compatibility with the host body, …

Introduction The effluents from mines and metal industries pose serious problems in removal of heavy toxic metal ions. The contents of these metals in effluent are almost above the valid limit1–3; they can be reduced by treatment with lime, but the result is not satisfactory. Thus ion-exchange technique has proved very useful. The ion-exchange resin can be used for metal …

Introduction Laser heating of materials has aroused  considerable interest1-23 due to its demonstrated importance in many processes for industrial applications such as spot welding, scribing and hole drilling, optical recording, semiconductor materials processing. Serious trials are made to solve the diffusion equation describing the heating problem subjected to different boundary and initial conditions. The bulk of such trials have been …

 Introduction Disposal of waste polymers is a major environmental problem. Because they are not easily biodegraded and because of their low weight-to volume ratios, plastics are not appropriate candidates for landfill.1,2 Burning plastics contributes to air pollution. Some plastic wastes can be recycled or used in secondary and tertiary conversion schemes. Secondary recycling is generally defined as reconversion of plastic …

Introduction The technological development is sustained by the continuous innovation of materials, where the use of these materials will depend on their properties. In metallic materials it has been found that the preparation way, i.e., the process to lead to the solid state the liquid mass determines an entire group of characteristics which promote its application. Nowadays, a great number …