Introduction The vertical storage column is typically a leak proof tank which is used to store the liquid and fine powder. The column which is used in this case is used to stored ethanol. To expand the capacity limit, these segments are generally exceptionally tall commonly over 27 meters with a circular cross segment. The test presented is that the …

Introduction At present, the concept of molecular recognition and its utility for living system applications is fundamental from both chemistry and biomedical point of view1-3. The interaction of synthetic molecules “receptors” with nucleic acid (DNA) moiety and related species inside living cells is highly fruitful, and an area of great interest particularly in biomedical research, diagnostic and cure of deadly …

Introduction In recent years the peaks of crisis in energy, change in climate, less availability of fossil-based fuel and concerning environmental pollution are trending towards the highest limiting range. As a result, to nurture the environment by protecting sustainable and renewable energy resources has become an essential trend worldwide [1–4]. The story of success lies within the development in an …

Introduction There are two stages in arranging atoms or ions or molecules in a particular order in three dimensions (crystal growth) which are: (1) crystallization (nucleation and growth of crystals; and (2) large size single crystal growth. Forming a crystal in the absence of a seed begins with nucleation (generation of minute specks of crystal nuclei) which is considered to …

Introduction Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2 is one of the widely used replacement bioceramics in terms of bone and tooth substituent due to its high corrosion resistance, better compressive strength, porosity, low density and low weight.1 Porous morphology of HAp and β-TCP(Tri calcium phosphate) are attractive for bone regeneration and good growth property. HAp is the best alternative for bone and …

Introduction The research on synthesis and characterization of metallic nanomaterials is an emerging field of nanotechnology due to applications of nanoparticles for scientific, technological, pharmacological and biomedical sectors. Various physical and chemical routes have been employed to synthesize nanoparticles. The chemical method of synthesizing nano particles is extremely costly affair with additional environmental and biological risk. But biogenic synthesis which …

Introduction  In recent years, the natural and synthetic pollutant has been increasing in modern development countries in the world.1-2 The many researches was done to monitored and control the synthetic pollutant such as textiles dye3 and pharmaceuticals,4 but still natural polluted wastewaters such as sewage water, kitchen waste etc. are under in rest, so more research is wanted to control the penetration …

Introduction Glycosylation is one of the most common modifications of proteins; it regulates protein-protein interactions, cell-cell recognition, adhesion, and motility. Development of disease and its progression are very often associated with alterations in glycosylation on tissue proteins and/or serum proteins. The relationship between serum glycoproteins, their uncontrolled synthesis and clearance in liver suggests that liver abnormalities are closely associated with …

Introduction Separation and purification processes comprise an essential part of chemical industry for the isolation of product and revival of reactants as well as solvents. Membrane based separation process is a very recently developed technique and is a subject of great interest. It attracted a greater interest in Industry because of its minimum capital interest, lower operating cost and operational …

Introduction Nanoparticles gained an immense interest because of its size-dependent properties; therefore research on nanoparticles gained an immense interest for materials science researchers. Rare earth ions in different host lattices like oxides, silicates, phosphates and titanates were studied widely due to its unique spectroscopic properties for the development ofrare-earth luminescent materials for lamps, cathode ray tubes,radiation monitoring systems, lasers, scintillators, …

Introduction Scientific Research followed the history of men in every century. Only in the recent centuries, in particular the XVII century, Scientific Research was approached with a quite systematic method: the Scientific Research method. Galileo Galilei and René Descartes defined the fundamentals of the new method.1-2 Galilei wrote “Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze (Two new Sciences)”2 …

Introduction Mercury is a very toxic element and its contamination can induce a number of severe adverse effects on human health viz. kidney toxicity, neurological damage, paralysis, chromosome breakage and birth defects.1,2 Mercury pollution is mainly occurs through stable water-soluble divalent mercuric ions. Due to serious problems of mercury pollution, efforts are being made to develop new mercury-sensing strategies that …

Introduction Polymeric nanofibers are a prime subclass of nanomaterials. The nanofibers have a diameter between 0.01 and 1 micrometer, in other words, they can range from micrometer to sub-micrometer levels.1 They have excellent properties such as mimicable surface functionalities, good mechanical properties for example excellent stiffness and tensile strength and very high surface area to volume ratio.2, 3 As shown …

Introduction An extensive investigation has been carried out on the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) films for variety of applications in science and technology for many decades.The conventional TCOs for example InO2and SnO2exhibitlow metallic forms while exposed to the hydrogen plasma.1,2 Alternatively, zinc oxide (ZnO) can be used as a prominent TCO material as it can be withstand to the hydrogen plasma.3 Deposition …

Introduction The oxidation state. The tunable electrical conductivity accomplished by doping/de-doping makes PANI is a promising material for some, applications incorporating into batteries, sensors, actuators, electromagnetic Polyaniline is most studied conducting polymer throughout the world because of its easy synthesis, environmental stability, reasonably good electrical conductivity, tunable electrical properties via oxidation/reduction chemistry (unique acid/base doping/dedoping process), and inexpensive material. PANI …

Introduction Environment-friendly visible light determined photocatalyst for wastewater treatment are right now an exciting zone of research. In view of extraordinary properties of TiO2 like high stability, minimal effort, photoelectric, and security to every human and the environment. TiO2 as a metal oxide semiconductor has been generally utilized in ecological control of contamination, transformation and vitality storage, sensors, photovoltaics and …

Introduction The compound [M=Ca, Ba] MSnO3 belongs to the family of perovskite type alkaline earth stannates which have attractive dielectric characteristics, excellent optical and semiconducting properties. The Stannates also exhibit high band gap [3.0-3.6eV], high melting point and is stable which offers many advantages and applications. The Stannates also find their applications in display phosphor matrix, ceramic materials, thermally stable capacitors …

Introduction Organic inorganic hybrid nanocomposites show enhanced protective properties such as improvements in mechanical1,2 thermal3,4 optical5,6 electrical7 and magnetic properties.8 Polymer clay nanocomposites are material which consists of polymer as matrix and clay nanoparticles as the reinforcement fillers.9 Improved thermal, mechanical (strength, modulus, toughness) and physical (barrier) properties over pure nylon matrix were observed during initial research.10 Organically modified montmorillonite, hectorite and …

Introduction Generally, groundwater is considered as an important drinking water source, especially in coastal regions due to limited availability of surface water. Kanniyakumari district is situated in the farthest south of Tamil Nadu, India. Even though abundant surface water is available in this district, the major population prefers to use ground water. For instance, almost every home situated in this …

Introduction Chalcogenide materials have a great potential in phase-change random access memory (PRAM) devices are regarded to be a strongly promising candidate for the next generation nonvolatile memory (Doo Seok Jeong et al, 2011). These glasses are sensitive to the absorption of electromagnetic radiation and show a distinct photo induced effects. These properties show potential for numerous applications in active …

Introduction Corrosion is a natural phenomenon. Destruction of the metal due to its slow oxidation with the surrounding environment is called corrosion. The wet chemical theory explains the corrosion of metals / alloys in various mediums / environment. Corrosion and its rate depend upon many factors. Surface and nature of the material play a significant role in corrosion and is …

Introduction Steel is a very useful construction material. Steel is used for making different structures for industries, articles, vessels, and many more items that are useful in day-to-day life. Corrosion of steel is a very common natural phenomenon. In fact corrosion is a spontaneous process but controllable by employing suitable preventive measures. Application of inhibitors to control the corrosion is …

Introduction Magnesium alloys have been gained much attention in automotive and electronic industries due to their light weight, excellent damping capacity, castability, and machinability.1 However, insufficient high temperature strength and poor corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloys limit their extensive applications.2 The need for high performance and light-weight materials in aerospace and aeronautical industries has become increasingly urgent in recent …

Introduction In recent years, an explosive growth in use of electrical and electronic devices in industrial, commercial, R & D and home applications has resulted in many-fold increase of generation of electromagnetic waves and, hence, of unwanted electromagnetic interference (EMI) to other devices. Strong EMI certainly has a negative effect, also, on human brain and health.1-5 So, shielding is needed, …

Introduction Nanoindention is a method to characterize material mechanical properties on a very small scale due to its high spatial and depth resolution of the measurement.1.2 Features less than 100 nm across, as well as thin films less than 5 nm thick, can be evaluated. Test methods include indentation for comparative and quantitative hardness determination and scratching for evaluation of …

Introduction Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) like most composite materials, provide significantly enhanced properties over conventional monolithic materials, such as higher strength, stiffness, and weight savings.1,2 Metal matrix composites are used in a wide range of high performance applications today. The MMCs have been used in over 5.5 million kg during the year 2006 and are finding impetus in annual growth …

Introduction Corrosion process consists in the deterioration of metal materials through chemical interaction with the external environment. One of the most common strategies used to protect metallic structures against corrosion consists on the application of protective organic coatings. The polymer layers create a barrier and, thus, avoid the contact of water and ion species with the metallic substrate offering a …

Introduction   If the two-qubit gate is applied to the output qubit is qubit entanglement.   In the above circuit, the output for x = y = 0 is the two qubit state this state can not be expressed as the product of two single – qubit states and  the two qubits are said to be entangled. Note that, the two …

Introduction The development of energy storage devices is extremely important to store the harvested energy for wide applications. Batteries, conventional capacitors and supercapacitors are the commonly used energy storage devices. Nowadays, supercapacitors are exhibiting wide applications in electric vehicles, consumer electronic devices, pacemakers and so on. Supercapacitor offers the ability to store or release energy in timescales of a few …

Introduction Piezoelectric materials are finding increasing utilization as sensors, actuators, ultrasonic imaging devices, and in many other commercially profitable applications. For applications in critical areas like Fast Breeder Reactors and exhausts of rockets and vehicles, piezoelectric materials with high Curie temperature1 are essential. Among the few materials in different stages of development for higher temperature piezoelectric devices, less work has …

Introduction Hydroxyapetite (HAp) having formula Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2 have a wide application in water treatment. HAp based filter are used for removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. 1 HAp – Chitosan nanocomposites synthesized by sol-gel method have been used for the remocal of Cd+2 ions in water treatment.2 HAp has been found in fish bone. Porous structure and crystalline phases of …

Introduction Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is generally a p-type semiconductor with direct optical energy band gap of 1.9 – 2.2 eV, hence lying within the solar rich visible spectral range ideal for photovoltaic applications. Cuprous oxide is also a nontoxic semiconductor and having a high optical absorption coefficient of the order of 105 cm-1 in the visible region [Malerba et al., …

Introduction Materials research and development (R&D) has shifted from monolithic to composite materials, adjusting to the global need for reduced weight, low cost, quality, and high performance in structural materials.1 The demand for new materials with higher specifications led to the concept of combining different materials in an integral-composite one. Such composite materials result in performance that cannot be attained by …