Article Publishing History Article Received on : 05-Nov-2021 Article Accepted on : 27-Dec-2021 Article Published : 03 Jan 2022 Plagiarism Check: Yes Reviewed by: Dr. Sajjad Bordbar Second Review by: Dr. Azeem PashaDr. Sapana Jadoun Final Approval by: Dr. Ozan Toprakci
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ABSTRACT:
This paper reports the analyses carried out with the company Pedrini SpA ad unico socio, located in Carobbio degli Angeli, Bergamo (IT). Wire ropes with diamond beads, used as cutting tools in multi-wire machines for cutting blocks of stone, were considered and a failure analysis of the wire ropes was carried out. The aim of the paper is to highlight the damage mechanisms of the wire ropes to increase service life of these cutting tools. Microscope observations and the penetrating liquids method were used to analyze the damaged wire ropes. Fatigue, corrosion and contact fatigue problems were observed and the effect of the centering of the beads on the wire rope was studied.
Baragetti S. Failure Analysis of Wire Ropes Used in Multi-Wire Machines for Cutting Blocks of Stone. Mat. Sci. Res. India;18(3).
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Baragetti S. Failure Analysis of Wire Ropes Used in Multi-Wire Machines for Cutting Blocks of Stone. Mat. Sci. Res. India;18(3).Available from: https://bit.ly/3FPxwlt
Introduction
Wire ropes with diamond beads used in machines for cutting blocks of stone are subjected to fatigue, contact fatigue, corrosion and corrosion-fatigue loads in an aggressive environment.
As shown in Figure 1 1-3, multi-wire machines for cutting blocks of stone are made of two structural main components: the supporting structure, fixed with flanged bolts to the ground, (1 in Figure 1), and a vertical moving part 4 (Figure 1). Several wire ropes with diamond beads are put in motion by a driven drum (2 and 7 in Figure 1). The tensioning mechanical system (9 in Figure 1) allows to apply a tension to the wire ropes with diamond beads while the machine is cutting the stone blocks. Several pulleys guide the wire ropes; up to 80 wire ropes can be used and mounted in parallel on the structural component 4 and on several pulleys. the motorized drum is the component 3 in Figure 1 and a three-phase asynchronous electric motor is mounted on the machine and puts the drum and the wires in motion. Wire ropes with diamond beads are the cutting tools of the machine and the designer must take care of such components when mounted on the machine. It is well known that the structural behavior of steel wire ropes, composed of several strands, is complex and multiaxial stresses, along with contact fretting stresses, must be managed. Working conditions of the wire ropes have to be strictly controlled and checked periodically.
Notwithstanding there are many literature references on the study of the damage of wire ropes, few research references can be found in the literature, as far as the author knows, that would allow to understand their structural behavior in terms of damage or failure analyses 4-11. In 4 Authors report a study on the diamond wire cutting of concrete materials. Wire cutting with diamond technique was used in the United States until the early 1980s and allowed to cut reinforced concrete structures, regardless of thickness and reinforcement content. In 5 an innovative and optimized design of automatic adjustment system for beaded rope of new diamond wire sawing machine is reported, while in 6 the mechanics of sawing granite with diamond wire is considered. Research on cutting performance optimization of diamond wire saw is deepened in 7. In these papers the structural design of the wire rope with diamond beads is introduced and the mechanical structure and control of the adjusting device of the diamond wire saw are described. Working parameters are transmitted via wireless signals to achieve remote control. Mechanics of cutting procedure is deepened and mechanical simulation and optimization models of the wires with diamond beads are proposed. Many references are available on the study of wire ropes without diamond beads 8-11; such references allow to understand the mechanisms of failure in case of absence of the beads: unfortunately, the Author pf this paper found that the structural fatigue and corrosion-contact-fatigue behavior of the wire rope is highly influenced by the presence of the diamond beads.
Figure 1: Multi-wire machine for cutting blocks of natural or artificial stone.
This paper contains the results of the observation of surface damage of wires used in multi-wire machines for cutting blocks of stone and the optical analysis of beads for 2.35 mm cables. The cables are used as a support for pearls equipped with diamond inserts for cutting stones (beads) (Figure 2).
The analyses
and observations under the microscope refer to wires and ropes used by Pedrini multi-wire
machines for cutting hard stones (http://www.pedrini-italia.it/). The wires and
ropes are produced by different specialized companies, along with the insertion
of the diamond beads.
The
objective of the observations is to evaluate the surface state and the surface
damage of wires and ropes starting from production, use and damage. The wires
with beads work hard in a very aggressive environment and the surface state of
the same greatly influences the fatigue resistance and could be the cause of
premature failure.
The samples were taken from wire ropes having 2,35 mm diameter. The wire rope is composed of 7 strands wires, one of which is located at the centre of the wire rope (“soul”). Each strand contains 7 single wires having 0.3 mm wires diameter (Figure 5).
Mechanical features of the wire ropes
With and without Zn galvanized coating were studied. The mechanical features of the galvanized wires are reported in Figure 2 and Table 1.
The study was conducted by means of microscopic analysis, X-ray microtomography and tests with penetrating liquids. For the first, two Leica stereoscopic microscopes (MZ 75 with magnification up to 50x and microscope with magnification up to 40x) with digital camera (Canon Powershot S50 and Canon EOS 1100D) and an Opto-De monofocal optical microscope with magnifications were used up to 400x with Motic 2300 USB 2.0 acquisition camera. A new stereoscopic optical microscope mod. ZENITH SZM-4500 Trinocular Zoom 7x-45x with additional lens 2x mod, ST-087 2x for 14x-90x magnification and a variable double LED illuminator mod. ZENITH CL-31 with double jointed self-standing arm. The images were taken with a USB micro-camera Mod. OPTIKAM B-3 complete with optics. The effectiveness of the protective plastic coating was evaluated by pouring liquids (blue ink) on the cable.
Significant sections of the beaded wire as shown in Figure 4 were investigated. Section X.1 was not considered but we focused on the evaluation of the centering of the cable in the beads. The sections were obtained using a metallographic cutting machine.
Figure 4: cut sections of the wire rope with beads.
The wire ropes with beads were also observed by unwinding the strands and the core both by opening the individual strands and by releasing the individual wires before proceeding with the observation. Figure 5 shows two examples of preparation of a stranded cable and single strands and wires.
Figure 5: preparation of a stranded cable and single strands and wires.
Figure 6 shows two examples of the cracked surfaces of the wires. Those cracks greatly affect the fatigue resistance of the whole wire rope with beads.
Figure 6: example of the cracked surfaces of the wires.
To evaluate the effect of the environment on the wire rope, tests were carried out with penetrating liquids (blue ink). Liquids were poured onto the flexed sample to simulate operational behavior. Figure 8 shows the penetrating liquids experimental test.
Contact between the wire rope and the beads was observed (Figure 9). Beads and the wire rope are made of different materials and this might cause corrosion of the wires in the rope, along with contact fatigue damage.
Analysis of the results and discussion
Fatigue resistance of the wire ropes
The wire ropes studied in this work are designed with low fatigue resistance safety factors (2-3). Previous analyses helped in reaching some useful conclusions 3-10.
Considering a breaking load , the alternating bending fatigue limit is equal to:
Fatigue resistance data:
alternating fatigue limit σFaf = 0.5 Rm
dimensional coefficient b2 = 1
surface finish coefficient b3 = 0.7
fatigue notch coefficient Kf=4
Figure 10: Haigh diagram, pulsating case from scratch.
If you are considering a pulsating cycle from scratch:
We obtain σm,lim = σm,lim = 160MPa.
The wire rope can therefore withstand very low fatigue loads.
The entire microscopic analysis revealed
Loss of centering of the cable with respect to the bead (stereoscopic microscope and X-ray microtomography analysis).
Widespread and numerous deep grooves and cracks induced by the drawing operation.
Presence of even very deep cracks.
Detachment of brass or zinc coatings which, being thin, are unable to adhere to the wire at the cracks. Causes can also be found in the straightening operation and incorrect handling of the ropes.
Cable-environment interaction as demonstrated by the test with penetrant liquids.
Scaling of the surface on wires treated with trichlorethylene and ultrasound.
Shape of the beads not perfectly cylindrical with poor surface finish at the discontinuity.
Fragments of diamond not homogeneously distributed on the pearl with possible local lifting of materials and consequent detachment of the same.
From the films obtained with microtomography for two separate beads (recorded at the University of Bergamo) these conclusions can be drawn
The strands can be in contact or not depending on the axial position in the bead, including the core.
Strands and core rotate on themselves, and the strands rotate around the core as well.
The strands often encounter the metal base.
Possible detachments are observed between the metal base and the diamond paste.
The diamond paste has no uniform thickness, with a maximum ratio that can reach 2:1. Where the thickness is smaller, a lower density of diamonds is observed. This could be the cause of the ovality of the bead.
Discussion of the results
Observations and analysis of the damaged wire ropes allowed to highlight that the beads have no continuous side surface and at the discontinuity the finish is very poor. Moreover the insertion of the diamond chips is not uniform. The insertion of the splinters causes localized lifting of the material. This could cause premature detachment of some of them. Wire ropes are mechanical components that work in a complex stress state with contact loads, wear, corrosion and fatigue resistance problems. The presence of the diamond beads is a further stress concentration, with corrosion and contact wear fatigue problems if the beads come into contact with the wire rope during assembly or in working condition.
The advice is to product wire ropes with beads in which the centering of the cable with respect to the bead is carefully controlled. No contact between rope and bead should occur. According to the results and observations this is the most important advice for producer of the ropes with diamond beads.
Conclusions
This paper reports the failure analysis of the damage mechanisms of wire ropes with diamond beads mounted in machines for cutting stones. Wire ropes with diamond bead are cutting tools subjected to fatigue, corrosion-contact-fatigue stresses. Cracks and defects are present in the strands of the wire ropes, generated during the production process: these cracks are further sources of stress concentrations. The observation at the microscope, and the penetrating liquids analyses, highlighted that the most important advice to give to the producer of the wire ropes with diamond beads is to product components in which the centering of the cable with respect to the bead is carefully controlled.
Acknowledgment
The author
would like to thank Pedrini SpA ad unico socio, located in Carobbio degli
Angeli, Bergamo (IT), for the fructuous collaboration and permission to publish
this paper.
With almost
60 years of experience in the stone
field, Pedrini is an international
leader in the manufacturing of machines for the processing of natural stone,
designing and supplying complete plants.
The
experience achieved through continuous investments in technology, research and
innovation enabled Pedrini to improve the quality and reliability of its
machinery thus becoming a valid reference point on the worldwide market.
Pedrini’s technical department can count on about 20 professionals, among which engineers and specialized technicians, operating with the most advanced instruments and software for mechanic and electronic design.
Conflict of interest
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
Funding source
The research was funded by Pedrini SpA ad unico socio, located in Carobbio degli Angeli, Bergamo (IT).
References
www.espacenet.com. EPO European Patent Office Website.
Pedrini, G., Baragetti, S., 2016, “Multi-wire machine for cutting blocks of stone and wire tensioning device”, International Patent n° WO 2016/071936A1.
Pedrini, G., Baragetti, S., 2016, “The pulley of the improved pin with support line of multi-line cutting machine for stone”, International Patent n° WO WO2016071937A1.
Bangju Wei et al, 2020, “Innovative and optimized design of automatic adjustment system for beaded rope of new diamond wire sawing machine”IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 892 012078. CrossRef
Janusz Stefan Konstanty, 2021,”The mechanics of sawing granite with diamond wire”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (2021) 116:2591–2597. CrossRef
Feng, J., et al, 2019, “Research on cutting performance optimization of diamond wire saw”, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1345. CrossRef
Liu S., Sun Y.Send mail to Sun Y., Jiang X., Kang Y., 2022, “A new MFL imaging and quantitative nondestructive evaluation method in wire rope defect detection”, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 163. CrossRef
Peng, Y., Wang, G., Zhu, Z., Jiang, F., Chen, G., 2021, “Effect of low temperature on tribological characteristics and wear mechanism of wire rope”, Tribology International, vol. 164. CrossRef
Wang et Ali, 2021, “Tribological properties and residual strength of wire rope with different strands during the interlayer-transition stage”, vol. 480-481, Wear. CrossRef
Bassir Y., et Ali, 2021, “Comparative study of the service life of a central core and a helical strand constituting the same rope”, vol. 247, Engineering Structures. CrossRef
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