Introduction Thread is long element of polyester, polypropylene, cotton and other fiber. Generally thread is made up of thousands of thin elongated fiber tightly bonded with one another to form twisted structure. Thread have been used for the different purpose from the historic time. Thread having various physical property like tenacity, density, abrasion resistance, thermal resistance, flexibility etc. but out …

Introduction Polymer composites over the decades had more attentions because of their major improvement in mechanical properties. By additions compounds such as Aluminium Oxides (Al2O3),4 glass fibers,5 carbon nanotubes and carbon black,6 to polymers is going to produce new polymer composites with enhanced mechanical and wear resistance properties in addition to being comparatively cost-effective compared to their original corresponding item. …

Introduction In the developing field of laser technology and optical communications, the generation of second harmonics is very essential. The search for new Nonlinear Optical materials and enhancing the properties of existing NLO material is a persistent process due of its wide application in the field of science and technology.1 When optical waves propagate through Nonlinear Optical crystal, there should …

Introduction Contemplation has been attained on the “Phytosynthesis” of nano metal oxides for their  eminent optical,  chemical,  photochemical , and  electronic  properties.1 Nano Metal oxides,  especially the  noble  metals,  have  mainly  been  studied  due to their  strong  optical   absorption  in the  visible  region  which will be caused   by  the  combined excitation  of  free-electron  gas.2 The phytosynthesis of nano metal oxidesimpersonates a relation …

Introduction Organic and Inorganic dyes discharged from various industries result in a variety of hazards and environmental issues across the globe. These chemical entities are not only aesthetically displeasing but also hamper the sunlight dissemination into the streams, thus affecting the aquatic ecosystem. The organic chemistry of dye reveals a complex aromatic molecular framework which imparts them extreme stability and …

Introduction Lead oxide (PbO) find extensive application in thin film transistor, gas sensor and phototransistor, optical storage device photo thermal and photovoltaic conversion.1 PbO has two polymorphic forms and a wide band gap red α – PbO at β-PbO stable at high temperature and spray pyrolysis technique has been a major focus in the preparative investigation due to the advantages …

The present report deals with development and electrochemical investigation of metal carbide based energy storage systems with WC (60 nm) as a model electrode material. This is in view to extend the understanding towards tailoring and designing other transition metal carbides based electrochemical energy conservation and storage systems with desired activity and stability. Nano structured metal carbides has recently received …

Introduction Ongoing national and international problems related to production, transportation, usage and conservation of energy and increasing serious environmental problems caused by use of conventional energy resources like fossil fuels etc. threaten sustainable development of modern life. Implementing stabilized, enduring and innovative energy policies is important for economic and social development in worldwide. Renewable energy technologies such as hydropower, geothermal, …

Introduction Beginning from early 1990s, scientists are observing an ever increasing trend in changes in weather patterns due to a progressive increase in greenhouse gas emissions, increase in toxicity in land and water bodies and emergence of electromagnetic smog due to spike in the use of electronic gadgets.1-4 The extent of these damages is increasing at an alarming rate never …

Introduction The two similar or dissimilar materials can be joined by various method such as casting, riveting or welding etc. out of all these method welding is much faster and  more economical.1 Different welding method are Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, Submerged Arc Welding, Electro Slag Welding, Laser Beam Welding , Electron Beam Welding, Metal Inert Gas Welding etc2,3 are employed …

Introduction Aluminium alloys of 7075 kind containing Zn, Mg and Cu as major alloying elements have shown potential applications in automobile and aerospace applications.1 They possess good corrosion and mechanical properties than other Al alloys.2 These alloys show specific behaviour in Retrogression and Re-aging (RRA) heat treatments.3 The most important feature of the aluminium alloy is to form oxide on surface which act …

Introduction Growth of crystals with water soluble compound is very efficient in slow evaporation technique. In present study we are grow pure and doped Barium Nitrate (BaN) crystals by slow evaporation technique. Barium Nitrate crystals widely used in optical instruments producing industries. BaN compound has higher decomposition reaction range.1 BaN crystal has crystallized in cubic system.2 Presence of elements in BaN crystals …

Introduction Petrochemical industries are part of the chemical industries which produce chemical products out of raw materials derived out of the petroleum and natural gas. Iran is one of the greatest producers of petroleum and gas of the world. Although developing the capacity of attracting technical sciences is the necessary condition for the transferring of new technology, appropriate planning to …

Introduction The conventional aluminum alloys do not provide sufficient mechanical and wear properties for surface applications.  To enhance the properties of the material the ceramic particles are incorporating in the alloys in order to make composites. Metal Matrix Composites are used in automobile, aircraft and defense applications. Various methods are used for fabricating the Aluminum matrix composites such as thermal …

Introduction Polymer composites have drawn the attention of researchers due to their potential applications in different areas.1 Polymer composites having lead (Pb) salts as a component are important for primary and secondary protection from gamma photons and X-rays, when a shielding material is required to prevent the effect of harmful radiation on personnel, as well as other users and materials …

Introduction Nanocrystalline ferrites have very good electric, dielectric and magnetic properties and number of applications from radio frequencies to microwave frequencies. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss, loss tangent and resistivity of ferrites are necessary to know for high frequency electrical applications.1 The properties of electrical insulating materials are depends upon preparation method, chemical composition and type of additives.2 Magnesium ferrite is a …

Introduction Transition metal oxides are an important class of solids with n-type conductivity and find many applications in thin film form.1,5 Among transition metal oxides MoO3 exhibits an improvement in its various physical and chemical property as a nano material.6,10 Among various physical properties exhibited by MoO3 electrochromism and photochromism is an interesting physical property which find many applications in making display …

Introduction Electrostatic field storage has become one of the key issues of research today to cope up with high energy demands of the modern society. Recent advances in this technological field have lead to emergence of supercapacitors/ ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors. Supercapacitors (SCs) use electrodes with large specific surface area and thinner dielectrics to attain higher capacitances so as to …

Introduction In recent times Composite Polymer Electrolytes (CPE) has been drastically explored due to its various prospective applications such as batteries, fuel cells, smart windows, solar cells, display devices, etc.1,4 These composite polymer electrolytes were used widely due to easy fabrication technique of desirable size and facilitate proper contacts with electrode and electrolyte. When nano fillers doped to polymer electrolytes then, …

Introduction Soldering is a low temperature metallurgical joining process.  Solder joining is a wetting process followed by a chemical reaction.  The chemical reaction following wetting is between the molten solder and the joining metallurgy to form an intermetallic phase region at the interface.  Solder alloys are characterized by the melting temperature being a strong function of composition.  Microstructure, elastic modulus, …

Introduction Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin produced. It had been observed, that the drugs (e.g., embelin and gliclazide), when administrated into diabetic rats caused a highly significant decline in the blood glycated …

Introduction Intermolecular interaction among the liquid mixtures takes place a vital role in chemical industries and reseaech field.1-3 The dielectric relaxation studies take a vital role to elucidate the nature of interactions in a liquid system with polar and non polar molecules.4,5 Methyl formate is used in various chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Alcohols are highly polar and self associated through hydrogen …

Introduction Recently, clay/polymer nanocomposites have aroused high interest, both in industry and in academia1,2 especially polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. These nanocomposites are currently prepared by various methods: in-situ polymerization, intercalation from a polymer solution, and direct intercalation by molten polymer (melt compounding).3 The growing interest in polymer nanocomposites initiates from the improvement of enhanced mechanical, flame retardant, gas barrier and polymer recycling …

Introduction Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Composites (Al MMCs) are one of the latest Functional materials having the properties of high wear resistance, good specific strength, light weight and has capable to adjust the thermal expansion coefficient. Al MMCs composite materials are used in constructural, aircrafts and products used in automobiles like piston cylinder, cylinder liner, Brake disc and drum etc. …

Introduction Hydrazine  derivatives  are  very  useful  compounds. These  are  used   in  pharmaceutical, agrochemicals, polymer  and dye industy.1 Hydrazines  derivatives  very  tremendously   not  only as  to modification in structure but also as  regard to  their  therapeutic  indication.2-4 Many of hydrazines having a simple structure are bacteriostatically active compounds which may be used as tuberculostatics, others are monoamine oxidase inhibitors, these are …

Introduction                       A recent literature survey of magnetoplumbite revealed that the electrical properties of hexagonal1-4 ferrites are less studied compared to its electrical and magnetic properties. This may be due to the fact that they were developed initially as permanent magnet.5-8 Today M-type ferrites are finding applications in many diverse fields like microwave and hence their electrical properties are also becoming …

Introduction These irons are hard, brittle and difficult to machine and therefore did not attract attention of metallurgists and materials engineers, as an engineering material for many years. Factors such as closer composition control of the melt, efficient use of alloying element(s), heat treatment as a tool in improving properties, availability of data related to service conditions, improved testing facilities …

Introduction Nanosize spinel ferrites have been studied very largely due to their unique magnetic and electrical properties. The application of ferrite material relied on the various factors such as preparation method, sintering temperature, chemical composition, and distribution of cations. Magnetic interaction and distribution of cations in the tetrahedral and octahedral site play an important role in determining the applications of …

Introduction CdO and ZnO is an n-type semiconductor belonging to II-VI group of periodic table. These materials possess wide band gap of approximately 2.4eV and 3.3eV at room temperature. These films are semitransparent in nature have been widely used in a flat panel displays, solar cells and gas sensing applications. These films are transparent conducting in nature, inexpensive, mechanically stable …

Introduction Elevated atmospheric pollution has raised the demand for effective and inexpensive system for detection and quantification of environmentally hazardous gases. The detecting systems available in market are mostly based on optical spectroscopy and gas chromatography which are both expensive and time consuming analytical techniques. Gas sensors are promising alternatives for environmental measurements and those based on metal oxide semiconductors …

Introduction Nanoparticles are gaining importance in various fields such as health, biomedical science, chemicals industries, food & feed, cosmetics, environmental, drug and gene delivery, energy science, electronics mechanics and space industries.1-2 Design of processes that reduces or eliminates generation of hazardous substances is the key principle for sustainable chemistry. Developing green methods for synthesising nanoparticles is a major focus of …

Introduction Recently, research areas were more concentrated on the nanotechnology.1 The nanotechnology is acted as more active for new or improved properties which are exhibited by nanoparticles. The unique physical and chemical properties are shown by the particles then these particles used as in important property of the material in the development of novel nanodevices.2 In terms of nanotechnology, Zinc …

Introduction The addition of rare earths to the base glass matrix created a great interest in the researchers because of upconversion of infrared light to visible light. This feature leads to various applications like upcoversion lasers, sensors, and optical displays.1-3 Among different oxide glass compositions, the lead borate glass matrix doped with F block elements are suitable systems for applications in …

Introduction The synthesis of rare earth doped Ni-Zn mixed ferrites by sol gel method has attracted much interest in researchers. The Ni-Zn ferrites are considered as the most versatile of ferrites for their relatively higher saturation magnetization and low dielectric loss. The rare earth doping in Ni-ZN ferrites only enhances these desirable properties suitable for high frequency and magnetic storage …

Introduction DEHI technique is used to record the holograms of same objects at different times.1 This method has some advantages over other techniques particularly for studying transient phenomenon. The analysis is, of course, not significantly different from analysis given for single exposure technique and the resulting interference pattern is determined by the phase difference between the object wave in first position …

Introduction Polymer electrolytes are becoming increasingly important because of their potential use in several electrochemical devices: “smart” windows, displays, sensors, and, more importantly, rechargeable solid-state lithium batteries.1 Most of the polymer blends are immiscible and shows morphological structure. The morphology of polymer blends change the final properties of polymers. Over the past few decades, polymers like PEO, PMMA, PAN, PVA, PVDF, …

Introduction ZnGa2O4 is a transparent conductive oxide with a wide energy band gap of ~ 4.4 eV.1,2 Being a ternary oxide that can be formed by the reaction between ZnO and Ga2O3, ZnGa2O4 crystallizes in the cubic spinel-type (AB2O4) structure. The tetrahedrally coordinated A-sites are occupied by Zn2+ ions, whereas, Ga3+ ions fill the octahedrally coordinated B-sites.3 ZnGa2O4 shows emission in the …

Introduction Polyoxomolybdate (POM) is an important class of inorganic materials that is currently attracting considerable attention due to its importance in the area of catalysis, sensors etc.1-4 The recent discovery of giant molybdenum clusters by Müller and his group5-8 has evoked remarkable interest to understand the self-assembly processes leading to the formation of POM clusters with varying size and shape with …

Introduction II-VI materials often offer better options for electronic and optical applications1 than Si, a group IV semiconductor and workhorse for these applications. Present work focuses on designing radiation damage by a fast ion beam on bulk samples of II-VI oxides CdO, ZnO and MgO. Need, from ion-solid interaction aspect,2 for thin samples and the difficulty of making bulk ceramics with …

Introduction The age old fact that, “ultrathin nanofibers could be drawn from viscoelastic fluids under the influence of external electric field” culminated finally into an ingenuous, handy and simple technique called electrospinning. The developments in this field have started gaining importance since 1993, when Darrell H. Reneker presented his paper highlighting the unexampled features of electrospinning as a fabrication technique, …

Introduction Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a direct band gap (3.37 eV at room temperature), non-toxic, n-type semiconductor of hexagonal wurtzite structure,1 considered as one of the most promising materials for optoelectronic applications. Wide band gap and large exciton binding energy (60 meV) make it an excellent candidate for several applications such as gas sensor, photodiode, and catalyst,2-4 especially in nanostructure forms. While …

Introduction The original Timoshenko1 bimetallic bending formula was published in 1925 and since then has been extensively applied by multitudes of engineers and scientists and referred to in many papers such as by Krulevitch,2 Prasad3 and books Kanthal,4 Whilst it has been proven and accepted to be the formula to evaluate the hot radius of curvature of an initially flat bimetallic strip, …

Introduction Silicon nitride and oxynitride ceramics have attracted interest for high-temperature engineering and are termed as engineering ceramics .Its application is based on their properties such as:1 high strength;2 wear resistance;3 high decomposition temperature;4 oxidation resistance;5 thermal shock resistance;6  low coefficient of friction;7 resistance to corrosive environments.1,2 Al3+   can enter the silicon nitride crystal without changing the structure by replacing Si4+,if at …

Introduction Carbon fibers or carbon fibres are fibers about 5–10 micrometres in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms. Carbon fibers have several advantages including high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion. These properties have made carbon fiber very popular in aerospace, civil engineering, military, and motorsports, along with other competition sports. However, they are relatively expensive …

Introduction Scaffolds are temporary structures commonly used in construction to support various types of loads.12 The temporary structure needs to be structurally safe yet also capable of rapid erection, disassembly and reuse. Scaffolding is used on new building projects, and for existing structure including maintenance, repair and painting work. In Building construction some form of temporary support is required to provide …

Introduction The study of transition metal oxides has attracted the attention of materials scientists due to their valuable applications in the areas like optical, electrical, magnetic, mechanical, battery technology or photochemistry, medical fields. The catalytic properties of the metal oxides extend their applicability in propellant manufacturing as burn rate modifiers.1-2 The relation between the structure and properties (both physical and …

Introduction The increasing technological demand for ever-thinner amorphous polymer films cast onto solid substrates has quickly advanced the study of supported polymer films from a level of fundamental understanding a few years ago, to an applications level. In applications such as semiconductor fabrication, nanostructured polymer systems, polymeric sensors, organic light emitting diodes, microsystems, biomicrosystems, pharmaceuticals, adhesion, lubrication, coatings, electronics packaging, …

Introduction Graphene and graphite oxide have gained vast popularity and become wonder materials in the present context of research and development.1-3 The discovery of single-layer graphene which received unprecedented interest because of its two dimensionality and unique physical, chemical and electrical properties such as high intrinsic carrier mobility, quantum electronic transport, tunable band gap, high mechanical strength, elasticity, and superior thermal …