Introduction The advent of crystal engineering has transformed the pace of research in molecular solids.  Attaining the desired properties in molecular solids by controlled manipulation of intermolecular interactions holds the key to success in this area of research.1-2 For that matter, strength and directionality of weak intermolecular interactions are important features to be taken into account. Crystal engineering, through supramolecular synthons, …

Introduction Nanosized semiconductors having confinement of electrons exhibit number of quantum phenomena such as low dimensional electronic states, increased exciton binding energies and dynamics of carriers.1,2 II-VI semiconducting chalcogenide nanoparticles, especially sulfides have been investigated extensively due to their interesting optoelectronic properties.3 Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is a useful material and widely used in solar cells, lasers, photoconductors, light emitting diodes, …

Introduction Ceramic nanocomposite thin films are finding commercial application due to their novel properties and new processing methods. The nano reinforcements can be in the form of particles, fibres or platelets. The properties mainly depend on the interphases formed. Spherical reinforcements increase the hardness and strength by restricting grain growth whereas elongated grains results in toughening. The restriction of   dislocation …

Introduction Force Analysis and Evaluation  The deformation due to  force  caused by the hardened ball is different depending on the magnitude of the force pressing against it. If the force on it is small, when the force is released both the ball and tabular (cylindrical) surface will return to their original, unreformed shape. In this case, the force per unit …

Introduction In order to find out a more general prove for Bell thesis at least we have to, tell some essential imagination of locality-causality hidden variable for experimental Bohm 1,2. After disport two particles, device should have defined the result measurement the spin component for each particle. This virtue had been made despite real spin, but general it `s not …

Introduction Materials science studies the fundamental physical and chemical basis for the controlled combination of atoms to form new compounds, phases, and micro structures, as well as the characterization of the resulting structures and their properties. One of the more important groups of materials in our lives today is composite material. The man made composite materials, that are a three-dimensional …

Introduction Piezoelectric materials have been largely used in transducers since the last century [1]. Moreover, many piezoelectric materials have been synthesized by blending two compounds in appropriate proportions to tailor the properties of the so formed materials to suit the application [1]. After the discovery of naturally occurring piezoelectric materials, perovskite structured piezo-ceramics have been synthesized with far better piezoelectric …

Introduction Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is a major chemical product, which has many important uses especially in the production of fertilizers. Most of the acid is produced from phosphate rock by wet process. Brass and stainless steel are frequently used in many parts of the wet process and a considerable quantity of data has been published about the resistance of these …

Introduction Thermally stimulated discharge current (TSDC) technique is ideal for the investigation of the structure of polymers, semi-crystalline polymers and co-polymers because it is a more sensitive alternative than other thermal analysis techniques for detecting the transitions that depend on changes in mobility of molecular scale structural units1-7. The technique can also be applied for the investigation of charge storage …

Introduction Conventionally, in aerospace, automotive and packaging industries, synthetic fiber reinforced composites are widely used because of their greater strength and stiffness. But synthetic fibers are expensive and not ecofriendly. So, of late biofibers are replacing synthetic fibers which are extensively used as reinforcements in composites and these materials are gaining popularity as potential structural materials because they are abundantly …

Introduction The micro/nanoscale materials have been used to developed many  sophisticated devices  now a days. Some desired materials can be deposited using ion track filters (ITFs) as a pattern for the fabrication of micro/nanostructures. These structures find immense applications in the area of materials science, nanoelectronics, magnetic devices, chemical and biological devices [1-5]. There are many procedures used in the …

Introduction In modern era, metal foams have emerged as a new class of cellular material consisting of a metal phase containing dispersion of pores. & has become an interesting area for researchers since they possess unique combination of engineering properties such as high stiffness, low density, better impact resistance, high energy absorption potential during compressive deformation, better erosion resistance & …

Introduction Crystal growth techniques from the melt have been very important for the technological point of view when the focus is basically on the growth of silicon crystals. Silicon is abundantly available, semiconductor material. The edge defined film fed growth technique (EFG) [1-5] has resulted in the growth of silicon crystals in the form of ribbons, octagons [4-7], nonagons [6, …

Introduction Strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19) is a hard magnetic material that possesses important magnetic properties such as high saturation magnetization and high coercive field. A significant change in the coercive field of hexaferrite usually can be achieved by the substitution of Fe3+ ions by either cations or cations combination such as Ga, Al, Cr, Co-Ti, Ti-Ru [1-6]. This work is concerned …

Introduction The materials with high optical nonlinearities are the target to the researchers since their applications in optoelectronics, telecommunication industries, laser technology and optical storage devices are innumerable. Ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (ADP) and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KDP) are two of the oldest crystals grown in large size for many applications and continue to be interesting materials both academically and industrially …

Introduction The radiation therapy has been discovered early 1900’s for the treatment of malignant disease using the x-ray radiation. The main principal of radiation therapy is to expose the affected tissue area of a sufficient energy to damage the cells of affected area while sparing the surrounding healthy tissues. The cancerous tissue that been exposed by sufficient levels of radiation, …

Introduction Owing to the extraordinarily structure sensitive character of the phenomenon of feroelectricity, it was only logical that, after the discovery of ferroelectricity in BaTiO3, considerable effort would be expanded on a search for other ferroelectric materials with in the same family. This search was definitely fruitful, as it led to the discovery of ferroelectric activity in PbTiO3, KNbO3 and …

Introduction Nonlinear Optical (NLO) materials crystals are of considerable interest and of great demand because of their different applications in science and technology, such as different harmonic generators, sum and different generators and parametric oscillators.1-2 The inorganic and organic class of NLO materials is also available with different merits and demerits.3-4 The semi-organic class of NLO materials possesses both the properties …

Introduction ZnO films have been epitaxially grown on sapphire or Si substrates by several physical and chemical methods such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), sputtering, MOCVD and sol-gel.1-3 Silicon is suitable for the integration of optoelectronic devices. It is also cheaper and easier to cleave silicon compared to sapphire. Thus efforts have been mostly directed to grow n − ZnO thin …

Introduction The kinetics of thermal decomposition reactions of carbonaceous materials is complex as the process involves a large number of reactions in parallel and in series. Although TGA provides general information on the overall reaction kinetics rather than individual reactions, it could be used as a tool for providing comparison of kinetic data of various reaction parameters such as temperature …

Introduction Much theoretical effect has gone into understanding the gravitational collapse of a protostar but the question of gravitational instability in the presence of radiative heat-loss functions in the infinite homogeneous particular interest in cosmogony. By considering plane wave perturbations to an infinite uniform medium, Jeans¹ has obtained that the disturbances would grow if their wave length exceeded a certain …

Introduction From the day of discovery of carbon nanotube (CNT) by Iijima1, many researchers have been attracted to this material and large numbers of papers have been published in this area. CNT was first synthesized as a by-product in arc-discharge method in synthesis of fullerenes and currently being prepared by different methods2,3. In this work, keeping the application of CNT …

Introduction  Type 2 or NIDDM is a metabolic disorder that affects more than 200 million people world-wide.1 The different classes of oral hypoglycemic agents used to treat NIDDM have complementary mechanisms of action, and their use in combination often results in blood glucose reduction that are significantly greater than those that can be obtained with maximal dose of any single drug.2,3 Metformin …

Introduction Ni-Fe alloy of varying compositions are extensively used in electromagnet due to their low hysterices loss, high permeability and high saturation flux density. Their mechanical properties can be improved using several techniques such as recrystallization,1 solid state sintering,2 cyclic heat treatment,3,4 formation of matrix pools,5 surface carburization,6 formation of irregular particle shape7 and mechanical alloying.8 During the last few years, major advances have been made …

Introduction Sunlight is an important cause of damage to medicine and other organic materials. Fluorescent lamps also play the same role. Short wavelength ultra violet radiation has long been recognized as the reason for most of this damage. We know that the time required for the occurrence of a photo chemical reaction is very short. So the possibility of a …

Introduction In recent years, a number of works of the symmetry methods are found to be very efficient in applications to differential equations in Physics and Engineering. A subject of a special interest is a study of invariance properties of the equations with respect to local Lie groups point transformations of dependent and independent variables. The importance of the conservation …

Introduction During the past years, major developments in the polymer science has been enriched our knowledge about the relationship between the structure of polymer and their properties [1]. Polymer nanocomposites are important materials for nanoelectronics and solar cells due to their unique properties like high homogeneity and cost-effective processability [2-5]. TiO2 is commonly used and one of the most investigated …

Introduction Polyurethanes are used in versatile applications due to their properties like toughness, flexibility, physical, mechanical and chemical resistancy1,2. Synthesis of phosphorus based flame retardant polyurethanes opens another area of their use specifically in the surface coating application where flame retardancy is required3-5. Present work deals with the synthesis of intrinsic type of flame retardant polyurethanes and their characterization using …

Introduction Nowadays polymer blending is an easy and fastest way of getting a new material suitable for a specific purpose. Another way of tailoring the polymeric properties of an individual polymer or blends is by doping. The dopant can induce modifications in the molecular network and microstructures of the polymers. When a transition metal salts like FeCl3 and CoCl2 are doped, brings …

Introduction The polyaniline –type conducting polymer had been worked with special interest in chemical, electrochemical, doping process and polyaniline based composite process. The process development with high accuracy of product result had direct relationship of structure, properties and molecular structure modification for future application1.The polymer prepared two solutions, one with highly oxidizing agent ammonium per sulfate (NH4)2(S2O8)) and other monomer …

Introduction Modern engineering systems, like high-performance engines, nuclear reactors, computers and memory devices, require better and new materials than those available today. Better materials and processes have an increasing roll in efforts for environmental protection, development of information infrastructure, improvement in energy efficiency, modern and reliable transportation and civil infrastructure. In certain industries, the need for energy conversion systems, energy …

INTRODUCTION The metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) diode is the most useful device in the study of semiconductor surfaces. Since, the reliability and stability of all the semiconductor devices are intimately related to their surface conditions, an understanding of surface physics with the help of MIS diodes is of great importance to device operation [1–6]. The barrier height (BH) is an important parameter …

Introduction Composite materials consist of two or more materials that differ in chemical and physical properties and are not soluble in one another. The primary constituent in a composite material is the matrix phase that provides load transfer and structural integrity, while the reinforcementto enhance mechanical properties. The matrix and reinforcement materials can either be organic (polymers), inorganic (ceramic or …

Introduction Throughout the history of medicine, two main concepts of disease managements have been dominant: Ontological and ontological concept. The ontological concept defines a disease as an entity that is independent, self-sufficient, which develops a regular course with a natural history of its own. The physiological concept views disease as a deviation from normal physiology or biochemistry[1]. Claude Bernard hypothesized …

Introduction The application of thin films for tribological and mechanical devices has attracted considerable interest in the recent past [1] Especially; the tungsten disulfide (WS2) has been largely studied and characterized for various applications [2-8]. The main application of the WS2 is used for solid film lubricant. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) is a widely used technique of depositing thin films …

Introduction The chemical and physical properties of most material can be altered by the addition of impurities or dopants [1]. Doping can be achieved by different technology techniques. Diffusion is still one of acceptable and important methods in such a field. Doping has many important technological applications [2,3]. For example, doping makes it possible to prepare alloys which possess low …

Introduction The compounds bearing carbonyl and thiocarbonyl groups are used as potential doner ligand for the preparation of complexes with metals.1,2Among these thiourea derivatives are very versatile ligand. These thiourea ligands and their metal complexes exhibit a wide range of biological activity. They are reported to exhibit antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antituberclulis and anticancer activities.3-8  Thiourea and its derivatives are …

Introduction The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both1. Currently diabetes mellitus is a great threat to the world community with more than 100 million persons suffering from diabetes. The prevalence and incidence of diabetes is …

INTRODUCTION Cefpodoxime proxetil Cefpodoxime proxetil, (6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z )-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyimino acetyl]amino} -3(methoxy methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1 azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2carboxylic acid is a broad spectrum antibiotic implicated  in the treatment of upper respiratory tract and urinary tract infections. The drug is official in Indian Pharmacopoeia and United States Pharmacopeia .The recommended dose of cefpodoxime proxetil is 200 to 400mg per day. The molecular weight of Cefpodoxime  Proxetil is 557.6 Structure of Cefpodoxime proxetil   Scheme 1  Click here …

Introduction Hydroxyamidines are organic reagents used for detection and determination of various transition metal ions. 1-5The reagent has azomethine nitrogen and –N-O-H group which makes it suitable chelating agent   The properties of the reagent can be modified by suitable substitution in aromatic ring. Therefore a new hydroxyamidine has been synthesized by condensation of N-(4-Fluoro) phenyl benzamidoyl chloride in ether solution, …

INTRODUCTION Glimeperide, is abi-substituted urea derivatives can exist in keto andenolic form when dissolved in an organic solvent and react with various metal ions to form intensely coloured metal complexes that provide the basis for their use as a sensitive reagent. The thermal degradation study of complexes has become a subject of recent interest. It is important property of complexes, …