Introduction The term “electroless process” is used to describe methods of plating by means of chemical reduction, that is to say, electroless nickel is produced by reducing nickel ions from solutions which contain phosphate, boron, hydrazine compounds.1 Electroless plating differs in one significant respect from all other chemical plating procedures in that it is the only chemical plating process which does …

Introduction Methacrylonitrile is an aliphatic nitrile used extensively in the preparation of homo- and copolymers, elastomers, and plastics and as a chemical intermediate in the preparation of acids, amides esters and other nitriles. This aliphatic nitrile is also used as a replacement for acrylonitrile in the manufacture of an acrylonitrile/butadiene/ styrene-like polymer. Youcef et al.1 reported the study of ETFE …

Introduction Now a days ceramic tile has become a common flooring material to even middle class people. With the reduction in excise duty and availability of technology, boost given to housing and infrastructure sector, more and more ceramic tiles manufacturing plants have come up in India. Production capacity of ceramic tiles in India is growing at the rate of 10 …

Introduction Clays commonly refer to either rocks that may consolidate or unconsolidated or a group of minerals having unique properties The clay mineral refers to polysilicate mineral & to mineral which impart plasticity to clay & which harden upon drying or firing. basic clay mineral of clays are montmorillonite or smectite usually are referred as bentonites. These bentonite clays finds …

Introduction Carbon dioxide is one of the most frequently found nontoxic gases in atmosphere. The CO2 gas is odorless & cannot be detected without measuring instruments. CO2 is harmless in small quantity because it is naturally consumed by the soil, trees and the ocean. However, the concentration of CO2 is increasing in the atmosphere due to industrial revolution, combustion process …

Introduction Environmental Geo-technology is emerging as an interdisciplinary science, aiming at fore-casting, analyzing and solving the geotechnical pro-blems involving the influence of environmental factors.1 Absorption of gaseous pollutants released during volcanic eruptions and industrial exhausts reduces the pH.2 Although the H+ content of acid rain falling for a short duration is very low yet its influence on the physical, chemical and engineering …

Introduction The interaction of aerosol particles with the radiation is well known and one of the key parameter to understand the scattering /absorption of radiation. This interaction will provide either positive (warming) or negative (cooling) forcing to the environment. Scattered or absorbed radiation within the aerosol population layer when integrated over the beam length gives the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD). …

Introduction The goal of alignment technique is meet the standards. Standards are a means of scooping the work expected of technician. By precisely defining the results, standards are a means of controlling the cost to the level where the results are achieved and no more. Whether alignment is done in-house, or as a contracted service, the results should be consistently …

Introduction A supervised learning process of artificial neural networks is the machine learning task of inferring a function from supervised training data. The Backpropagation algorithm is one of the simpler members of a family of training algorithms collectively termed gradient descent. The idea is to minimize the network total error by adjusting the weights by backpropagation learning process.1 The task …

Introduction The austenitic stainless steels 300 series and their properties and general characteristics are important. These materials are used in advanced applications as gas turbine, nuclear power station, chemical, petrochemical, machinery, automobile and therefore a lot of research has been devoted to these materials.1 The cold rolling effect on stainless steels leads increased in dislocation density, vacancy, residual stresses and volume …

Introduction Brake pads are a component of disc brakes used in automotive and other applications. Brake pads are steel backing plates with friction material bound to the surface that faces the disk brake rotor. Brake pads convert the kinetic energy of car to thermal energy by friction.1-3 Due to operating wear and tear, brake pads are one of the most commonly …

Introduction Tellurium is a semiconducting element with very wide application in electronic and metallurgical works. This is because; Tellurium sometimes behaves like metals with high density of state at the fermi level. It also exhibits different behaviours in liquid and solid states (Grove, 1968; Orma, 1975; Thurn and Rusica, 1975; Sze, 1985). Studies had been carried out on the electrical …

Introduction The variable moment of inertia with softness (VMI) model1,2 and its phenomenological equivalent, the cranking model3, have been generally accepted as given very good descriptions of ground state bands, and also β and γ bands, of even-even nuclei up to the point where the backbending occurs. Earlier works in this direction4-7 use the same set of VMI parameters for …

Introduction Parts of machines are often exposed to varying stress, so it is important to know the resistance of materials under these conditions. In addition, it is known that materials exposed to perpetual loads or reversed stresses fail at stress values less than the final resistance value of those materials, especially at the static load. The fatigue can be described …

Introduction Accumulation of waste can be considered as one of the main sources for the environmental pollution. In the last few years, many researchers were interested in studying the problem of industrial wastes. Landfilling of municipal solid waste are not universally, environmentally sustainable and economically feasible disposal methods. Incineration of municipal solid waste is also a seemingly unsustainable solution as …

Introduction By ultrasonic measurements, static and dynamic properties of the crystal can be measured simultaneously. Ultrasonic attenuation data provide information about the dynamic behavior and from the frequency as well as temperature dependences, the mechanism involved can be understood. Coupled-soft mode (mixed tunneling proton-optical phonon mode) frequency, is held responsible for the anomalous behavior of the hydrogen bonded ferroelectrics when …

Introduction Pyrazoles falls in the class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds, and unique structural feature involving pyrazolic nitrogen and make them interesting ligands. Pyrazoles are the good complexing agent.1-3 The metal ligand stability constants of transition metal ions complexes with some substituted pyrazoles and pyrazolines have been reported.4-5 The influence of ionic strength on the stability constants of transition and lanthanide …

Introduction Composite materials, often shortened to composites, are engineered or naturally occurring materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties which remain separate and distinct at the macroscopic or microscopic scale within the finished structure. The theoretical details of composite materials and composite structures are extensively reviewed. The Spicer V-Joint Division of Dana …

Introduction The dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) has emerged as an efficient and broad-band radiating source primarily due to the absence of metallization. In this communication, the design of a uniplanar coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed configuration to the hemispherical DRA is presented. The CPW feed to the DRA was reported in1 for a cylindrical DRA and in2 for a rectangular DRA …

Introduction Mixed rare earth oxides and oxalates have gained importance due to their various properties mainly related to their ionic conductivity, magnetic or dielectric properties.1,2,3 Rare earth oxides are interesting materials in technical fields such as catalysts for a large number of organic reactions, host materials for powerful lasers or as precursors for magnetic and superconducting materials.4,5 Generally, it is difficult to …

Introduction A  large number of authors e.g.1-9 have obtained experimental thermal curves of solid-solid reactions, carried out in bulk. The thermal curve for any solid-solid system is obtained by taking the chemicals of high purity, after separately grounding them well, in the desired ratio, in a test tube (2 cm inner diameter and 15cm length). The tube is immediately placed …

Introduction Solar air heaters have a low efficiency due to low convective heat transfer coefficient between the air and absorber plate, which leads to higher temperature of the absorber plate resulting in maximum thermal losses to environment (Prasad &  Mullick1). If the area available for heat transfer is not greater than the projected area of the absorber, the absorber becomes necessarily …

Introduction The discovery of high Tc superconductor by Bednorz and Muller in 1986 led to extensive research work on lamellar copper oxide materials to explain the high Tc superconducting mechanism.1-4 To study the high Tc superconductivity and other physical properties the doping of various elements at Cu site was done by various research groups.5-10 In La2-xSrxCuO4, various attempts have been made to …

Introduction Present work reports the dielectric, thermal and FTIR studies of Co2+: MHMH single crystal for the first time. The influence of addition of transition metal ions on the dielectric properties, like dielectric constant, loss tangent,a.c. conductivity and activation energy of these crystals was discussed. FTIR studies confirm the presence of carboxylate ions. The melting point of the sample and …

Introduction Rare-earth and transition metal mixed compounds are of very much interest due to their usefulness in various industries and devices..1-4 They also show very interesting physical properties5-8 because of multivalent character of transition metals. Our research group have undertaken the study of magnetic, dielectric and electrical transport properties of rare-earth compounds such a sesquioxides, tungstates, garnets, chromites, vanadates, molybdates.9-16 Rare-earth nickelates RNiO3 are perovskite type compounds with general formula ABO3 …

Introduction The studies of frontal polymerization began in 1972 in the former Soviet Union1-2. They studied frontal polymerization of methyl methacrylate and discussed how various factors such as the initial concentration and temperature, ambient pressure, the nature of the initiator, etc. affected the characteristics of the propagating wave, its velocity and the composition of the polymer. Later on, several other …

Introduction Extrusion is an important Metal forming operation. It is a manufacturing process used to create long objects of a fixed cross sectional profile. The extrusion process is based on the plastic deformation of a material due to compressive and shears forces only. No tensile forces are applied to the extruded metal. The latter allows the material to withstand high …

Introduction Hydraulic turbines have a series of blades fitted to wheel mounted on a rotating shaft.. Flowing water is directed on to the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on the blade since the runner is spinning in this way energy is transferred from the water flow to the turbine The velocity and pressure of the liquid reduce …

Introduction The Adams methods constitute an important class of multistep method for the numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations. In contrast to one-step methods, multistep methods increase efficiency by using the information from several previous solution approximations. These methods were introduced by J.Couch Adams (1883) for solving problems of capillary action due to Francis Bashforth. Bashforth published his numerical theory …

Introduction Main problems which are faced by developed and developing countries as result of industrial growth is how to handle wastes that produced such as fly ash, slag and sludge. These wastes contain a number of hazardous compounds and need to be treated before buried into disposal wastes. In the other hand, the decreasing amount of landfill space available for …

Introduction Among the various binary alloys, Fe3Pt alloys are interesting alloy to study because of its interesting behavior and properties. The Fe3Pt alloy was reported to exhibit the so-called invar properties of anomalous thermal expansion coefficients and the large magneto-volume effect.1 The compounds close to Fe3Pt displayed unusually sharp ferromagnetic anomalies in the thermal expansion coefficient and strong magnetostrictive properties.2 Giant magnetostriction …

Introduction Aluminum has many attractive properties compared to steel, it is economical and versatile to use that is the reason it is used a lot in the aerospace, automobile and other industries.1 The most attractive properties of aluminum and its alloys which make them suitable for a wide variety of applications are their light weight, appearance, fabric ability and strength. The …

Introduction Copolymerization is one of the most important means to improve the performance of polymers. Since polymers are generally immiscible due to adverse entropy effects, copolymerization offers a convenient method of incorporating different monomers in polymer chain. The difficulties associated with the synthesis of copolymers are the wide variation in the reactivity ratios of the monomers.1,2 Reactivity ratios are among the …

Introduction It is known that the difficulty of solution of the problem about the transport of substance and charge in a porous environment is caused by the presence of the complex interphase boundary Σ of pore space, which for a chaotic environment is random. In the most realistic case, the very notion of the pores is not defined, which is intuitive. …

Introduction The design of a recognition system requires careful attention to the following issues: definition of pattern classes, pattern representation, feature extraction, cluster analysis, classifier design and learning, selection of training and test samples, and performance evaluation. Interest in the area of pattern recognition has been renewed recently due to emerging applications which are not only challenging but also computationally …

Introduction Dissimilar metals between carbon steel and stainless steel has been widely used in engineering practice over the years such as railway car body, boilers and pipelines. To date the majority of welded structure was in the form of dissimilar metals because it is more economical in constructing a structure than using stainless steel only. Dissimilar metals weld is generally …

Introduction Pyridine has been extensively studied spectroscopically, due to its applications in many chemical structures of high interest in a variety of biomedical and industrial fields.1 Pyridine has the intrinsic interest of being the azine nearest to benzene. 3-pyridine carboxaldehyde is used in the preparation of 4H-chromines and analogs as activators of caspases and induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells …

Introduction The discovery of high phase-transition temperature (Tc) Superconducting (HTSC) iron-oxyprictides (HTSCIO) [1] with Tc >55K and dp conduction band Jahn-Teller (BJT) polaronic structural distortion inducing pseudogap have emergence of HTSC in close proximity to the magnetic phase transition with multi (two) bandgaps and antiferromagnetic long range ordering (AFMLRO) spin density wave (SDW) order instability d-wave symmetry SC order parameter …

Introduction Metal matrix composites (MMCs) with ceramic reinforcement are known for their high specific strength, modulus and hardness properties. They share a good fraction in transport and aerospace applications. Fabrication, secondary processing, characterization are still pose a major hurdle in the manufacturing of these composites. Present investigation aims in fabrication of composite material which are in tune with the conventional …

Introduction For the last couple of decade’s interest in the use of photo electrochemical solar cells lead to large amount of research in the search for thin film polycrystalline material with acceptable efficiency. Some time approaching that of single crystals. In recent years, thin films have attracted much interest because of their varied application such as semi conducting devices, photovoltaic, …

Introduction Guanidinium complexes are biologically important due to their presence as a functional group in amino acids.1-5 Their physical properties are of considerable interest with regard to the variety of applications in the field of ferroelectricity, biotechnology, medicine, etc. Bushiri et al.5,6 and Fleck et al.7 reported the structural and spectral studies of hydrated transition metal guanidinium compounds. Among the transition …

Introduction The work automobile comes, via the French automobile from the Ancient Greek word αυτς (autos,” self”) and the Latin mobiles (“movable”), meaning a vehicle that moves itself rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate animal or another vehicle. The alternative name car is believed to originate from the latin word carrus or car rum (“wheeled vehicle”), or …

Introduction Pyridine has been extensively studied spectroscopically, due to its application sin many chemical structures of high interest in a variety of biomedical and industrial fields.1 Pyridine has the intrinsic interest of being the azine nearest to benzene. Amino pyridines attracts the attention of many spectroscopists due to their wide application in pharmacology and agro chemistry. They serve as a …

Introduction Thin film surface coating are widely used for efficient conversion of solar radiation into useful forms. One of the most frequently and commercial material in solar absorbance is nickel pigmented aluminium oxide on aluminium.A simple and inexpensive technique for the preparation of thin film is electrochemical deposition. It has been used successfully in the case of Ni for a …

Introduction Emission of energy in the form of visible light during chemical reaction is known as chemiluminescence (CL).1 CL has been found to be associated with variety of chemical reactions but in most of cases it has been observed due to redox reactions or free radical recombination.2 The reactions involving CL has been applied as an effective analytical tool to explore molecular …

Introduction The study of different states of matter, especially the liquid and gaseous states, statistical methods are being extensively used. A self consistent theory for liquids is not available even now. The main reason for this is the very complex nature of interactions in the liquid state. The statistical approach is to calculate the partition function and then establish the …

Introduction Development of gas sensing devices is in the focus of activity of scientists and engineers in many countries in the last two decades.1,2 Such detectors can be used for different applications like detection of toxic dangerous gases, drugs, smoke and fire. Energy saving as well as various technological processes in industry.3 Nitrogen dioxide is a hazardous gas which affects the environment …

Introduction Used automotive lubricating oils are re-refined by a process that effectively removes contaminants and returns the oils to an equivalent to oil produced from virgin stocks. Motor oil picks up a variety of contaminants its use that pose significant risks to human health and the environment. Oil is also a pollutant, it takes only one litre of oil to …