Introduction Amino acids, which constitute a very class of biomolecules, can act as potential oxygen and nitrogen donor ligands. It has been found that they utilize their functional groups as fully as possible in metal conduction.1 Copper(II) complexes of amino acids present important pharmacological interest as several of them show a wide spectrum of effects, including anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anticonvulsant and even …

Introduction Substituted sulfonic acid has been use as chelate forming agent because of increased stability of these derivatives in water than parent ligand. Many substituted sulfonic acids are well know for enhance biological activities.¹ Substituted sulfonic acid are also used as anti inflammatory agent insecticides bacterial and for pharmaceutical fungicide.2-3 Studies of Fe (III) ion complexes with 8-hydroxyquinoline 7-sulfonic acid by …

Introduction There is a need for alternative fuel to diesel engines due to increase in petroleum prices, depletion of petroleum oils and stringent emission norms. Oxygenated fuel is one of the prominent alternative fuels due to its availability and oxygen content receives much attention owing to increasing emission standards. Oxygenated fuels can be either synthetically prepared oxygenates or biomass products.1 Oxygenated …

Introduction The concept of the little group1 has been introduced to construct states that transform properly under an arbitrary Lorentz transformation. Relativistic particles have their internal space-time symmetries or degrees of freedom. These symmetries for massive and massless particles can be correlated introducing concept of little group. Little group, in fact, is a subgroup of the Lorentz group. For the …

Introduction In Alwar region of Rajasthan salt-affected soils are categorized into two broad classes, viz (i) saline soils; (ii) alkali (sodic) soils, on the basis of the influence of different kinds of salts (i.e. neutral and alkali salts) present in soil. The area of extension for the saline soil is limited but alkali (sodic) soils extension area is quite large. …

  Introduction In resent year, there has been rapid development in the field of II-VI group ( CdSe, CdS, ZnSe, CdTe) semiconductor thin films owning to their wide range of applications. As an important member of this group of binary compounds cadmium selenide (CdSe) with a band gap of 1.7 eV of interest because of its optical and electrical properties …

Introduction The traditional powder metallurgy has seen tremendous developments over the years since the major industrial scale applications initiated with the production of self–lubricant bearings and cemented carbides. The continuous and sustaining research and development over the years have contributed several innovations in this process. The trends in globalization, world trade and industrial acquisition and alliance have their own impact …

Introduction Ethacridine lactate1,2 (EAL) is chemically 2-ethoxy-6, 9-diamino acridine monolactate monohydrate. It is used as an antispetic and also as an agent for second trimester tabortion.³ A survey of literature revealed only a few reported methods which include titrimetric,4 selective FTIR,5 visible spectrophotometry6 and HPLC methods for estimation of EAL in urine.7 The analytically important groups of EAL were not exploited for designing …

Introduction In recent years, considerable efforts have been devoted to understand the vibrational spectra of simple aromatic compounds. The role of aromatic amines is of basic importance in biology and chemical industry, particularly aniline and its derivatives are used in the production of dyes, pesticides and antioxidants.1-2 Some of the para-substituted derivatives of aniline are local anesthetics, and in these …

Introduction Viscosity measurements of polymer solution shows the existence of molecular interaction between the polymer and the solvents. From these measurements, the extent of interaction can also be predicted. Solvation dynamics1,2 and its experimental and theoritical studies have given rise to renewed interest in the field of research activities.3-6 Several studies of the viscosity concentration relation of PVA in dilute …

Introduction A series of new materials of varying chemical and physical properties could be obtained by varying the composition of constituents of binary and ternary semiconductors; in this respect for example newer materials like Pb1-x CdxS, CuInS2, CuInSe2, ZnSSe/ZnSe and ZnCdS can be used for better efficiency.1-7 Sulfide and mixed sulfide thin film coating find extensive use in number of electronic …

Introduction Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) Microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) has been reported in several papers and journals in the literature. It is quite clear that the microorganisms affect the corrosion of metals and alloys immersed in aqueous environments.1 Microbes adhere to the metal surfaces forming biofilms, which can alter the surface chemistry at the interface. Biofilms or the microbial coverings form …

Introduction The increase in number of automobiles in recent years has resulted in great demand for petroleum products.Vegetable oils might provide a viable alternative to diesel since they are renewable in nature and environmentally friendly. The use of vegetable oil in engines without any modifications results in poor performance and emissions. Transesterification method is used to reduce the viscosity of …

Introduction Synthesis of nanomaterials by various routes has been developed to control the size of grains in these materials in the range of quantum size. These materials show interesting properties compared to their bulk counterparts. Tin oxide (SnO2) is an important n-type semiconductor with wide band gap (3.6 eV)1 and one of the most widely used semiconductor oxides due to …

Introduction Phthalocyanines are porphyrin derivatives that are characterized by a high degree of symmetry, planarity and electron delocalization. Phthalocyanines, has received considerable attention as charge generating materials in electrophotographic receptors, in solar cells, as organic semiconductors, in optical-data storage and in non-linear optics. Phthalocyanines are a class of materials which is most extensively investigated because of their great structural flexibility, …

Introduction EPR is a non-destructive standard method which enables a quick and very sensitive measurement of paramagnetic radicals in solids and gives unambiguous information about the valence state and site symmetry. This has been successfully applied to hydration of cement paste and observes the behaviors of Fe(III), Fe(II) and Mn(II) ions. The hydration mechanism of cement paste was explained by …

Introduction The distinctive properties of natural fibre reinforced concretes are improved tensile and bending strength, greater ductility, and greater resistance to plastic and restrained shrinkage cracking and hence improved impact strength and toughness.1-4 Besides its ability to sustain loads, natural fibre reinforced concrete is also required to be durable. Durability relates to its resistance to deterioration resulting from external causes as …

Introduction Vegetable oils are considered as good alternative to diesel fuel due to their properties which are much closer to that of diesel. Thus, they offer the advantage of being readily used in existing diesel engines without much modification. They have a reasonably high cetane number. Vegetable oils have a structure similar to that of diesel fuel, but differ in …

Introduction In the last few years, nano-structured materials have attracted a great deal of attention due to their unique characteristics which cannot be obtained from conventional macroscopic materials. Nano-particles can display novel optical, electronic, magnetic, chemical, and structural properties that might find many important technological applications. The properties and applications of the nano-particles are largely dependent on their size and …

Introduction Nickel-Titanium (NiTi), shape memory alloy is useful in medical applications due to their super-elastic properties and shape memory effect.1-5, 22 NiTi is safe and bio-compatible in many in vitro and vivo studies due to its surface oxide film, which is mainly titanium oxide and it prevents from corrosion as well Ni leaching out from surface. The mechanical damage of superficial …

Introduction Electronic assemblies utilize a wide variety of plastics and metals in the fabrication and manufacturing of their products. These materials can have significant differences in their thermal TCE, which may result in high strains and stresses in the lead wires, solder joints, and PTH if these factors are not understood or if they are ignored. Temperature changes will produce …

Introduction A lot of extensive research is in progress to reduce both nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate (soot) emissions from diesel engines due to environmental concerns. One of the emission control strategies is in-cylinder reduction of pollutant production. It is well known that it is very difficult to reduce both NOx and soot production simultaneously during the combustion process. Many …

Introduction The textile industry which not only caters to the needs of the common people but also adds to the economy of the country, has recently acquired attention of the environmentalists due to the water consumption and wastewater generation. The wastewater discharged is characterized by a high pH, TDS, BOD, COD and heavy metals. The wastewater is discharged into the …

Introduction Magnetic thin films have received increasing attention over last decade due to their potential application in magnetic induction writing heads,1-5 magnetic MEMS devices6,7 and other magnetic sensing devices. Co base alloy thin films are promising candidates for high density magnetic recording media. Co based thin films can be prepared by the chemical deposition technique which make them particularly attractive for commercial application since the deposition rate is much faster …

Introduction Global oil supplies are reaching a point where demand may outstrip supply. When this occurs, it is expected that oil prices will increase significantly. In addition, combustion of fossil oil and derivatives such as diesel and petrol releases greenhouse gases that cause global warming. Bio-diesel is seen as one alternative that can help to reduce the sustainability impacts of …

Introduction In recent years the total reaction cross-section of heavy ions has become the focus of extensive theoretical1-4 and experimental5 attention. The reaction cross-section also finds applications in diverse research areas such as radiobiology and space science.6,7 Moreover the total reaction cross-section, σR, is one of the most important physical quantities describing the properties of nuclear reaction. The reaction cross-section is …

Introduction The inhibition of corrosion for steel is the subject of tremendous technological importance due to the increased industrial applications of these material. Several authers (1-4) have studied the corrosion of steel and its inhibition by organic and natural inhibitors in acid solutions. Inhibition are widely used for protection of materials from corrosion in acid environments. Usually, inhibitors protect the …

Introduction Acid solutions are generally used for the removal of undesirable scale and rust in several industrial processes. Hydrochloric acid is widely used in the pickling process of steel. The use of inhibitors is one of the most practical methods for protection against corrosion especially in acid solutions to prevent metal dissolution and acid consumption.1 Most well known acid inhibitors for …

Introduction α -Amylase (α-1,4-glucan-4-glucanohidrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the bond breaking of α-D-(1,4)-glucosidic bonds in amylum, glycogen and oligosaccharides. This enzyme is widely applied in many industrial processes, such as the production of sugar syrup. In order to be used in industrial sectors, α-amylase must accomplish some requirements such as having high thermal stability and wider working pH.1 …

Introduction Fe-Al-C alloy is being developed for elevated temperature structural application up to 873K.2-4 In addition, the plain iron-aluminum lightweight steel containing up to 9 wt-% Al shows a reduction in density of 10% and more¹. On the basis of economic and lower density considerations, this material could be a good candidate for replacing some of the conventional stainless steel.5-6 Wherein, Al …

Introduction Let’s have the parabolic integrodifferential equations of the form where  the  partial differential operator    is uniformly elliptic, is a family of linear bounded operators defined on the space of all square  integrable  functions L2(En) and En is the n- dimensional Euclidean space. We consider integrodifferential equations of the form; Where, is an n-dimensional multi index, is an element of the …

Introduction Metal matrix composites (MMC) are produced by combination of two or more dissimilar materials, at least one of them is metal as the matrix and the another material is as reinforcement. It can be produced using several methods such as casting technique,1-2 powder metallurgy technique3-6 and extrusion.7-8 Aluminum matrix composites reinforced with alumina particles, which were manufactured using hot pressing and …

Introduction Bessel functions of the first kind of order n is defiend as [e.g. Refaat El Attar 2007] : Jn (z) has a branch cut discontinuity in the complex z plane running from -∞ to 0. The Bessel functions are central to many calculations in mathematical physics,for example they arises when finding separable solutions to Laplace’s equation and the Helmholtz …

Introduction Persistence of plastics in the environment, the shortage of landfill space, the depletion of petroleum resources, concerns over emissions during incineration, and entrapment by and ingestion of packaging plastics by fish, fowl and animals have spurred efforts to develop biodegradable or biobased plastics.1 Biocomposites have been the subject of international research since at least the mid-1990s and a number of …

Introduction CO2 arc welding involves large number of interdependent variables that can affect product quality, productivity and cost effectiveness. The relationship between process variables and bead geometry are complex because of the number of variables and their interrelationships involved. Many attempts have been made to predict and understand the effect of the welding variables on the bead geometry. These include …

Introduction Tin bronze, have widely used in many application for a long time, because of their good properties such as; high strength, thermal conductivity, machine ability, corrosion, and wear resistance. These alloys generally used in bearing, bushing, pumps impeller, pistons ring, bell and many automotive component.1 Tin bronze alloys with composition 80%Cu-20% Sn commonly used as many materials of bell. …