Introduction This paper reports a procedure to valuate crack propagation via the replica method and to calculate the multiaxial stress state influence at the crack tip via FEM numerical models 1-4. Ti6Al4V alloy was considered. Structural reliability and health monitoring are studied in this paper and the surface replica method is deepened. Numerical FEM models were developed to assist the …

Introduction Electron microscopy is a modern tool that has changed the perspective of scientists about digital image technology, with the ability to characterize micro-sized to nano-sized materials. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is one of the most versatile modern instruments required for analyzing the microstructure and chemical composition of materials. This tool can see objects with a resolution of 10-100 …

Introduction Pietro Biginelli reported the Biginelli reaction, a three-component reaction, in 1893. P. Biginelli reported the acid-catalyzed synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones (DHPMs) through a multicomponent reaction (MCR) of an aromatic aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, and urea. The Biginelli adduct is formed in the classic version of this reaction, which involves an acid-catalyzed three-component reaction between benzaldehyde, ethylacetoacetate, and urea in ethanol at …

Introduction In a Hydrogen fuel cell (HFC), Hydrogen and oxygen are fed into the cell, where an electrochemical reaction between anode and cathode is separated by an ion-exchange membrane.1–5Among all the types of fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has become widely accepted for powering electric devices and vehicles. 6–10 The core of the fuel is a sandwich-like …

Introduction Rapid development in electric/hybrid vehicles and portable electronic devices in the modern world had created a higher demand for energy storage devices. Electro chemical capacitors (ECs) or super capacitors have great worldwide attention due to the advantages mainly for their high power density, short charge-discharge time, and long cycle life1,2. There are three primary electrode materials used in super …

Introduction Nanotechnology has been successfully utilized in several applications in technical fields. Nanotechnology is associated with countless solutions to the engineering, science and technology. There are many applications of material science such as photocatalysis[1,2], waste treatment[3], gas sensors[4], biosensors, SOFC,  electrochemical cells, solar cells, organic conversions, organic LED, adsorption studies, H2 production etc.[5-9].Presently mankind is associated numerous problems. Most of …

Introduction The pyran is a six-membered heterocyclic, non-aromatic ring made of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom with two double bonds.The saturated carbon in 2H-pyran is at position 2, while the saturated carbon in 4H-pyran is at the C4 position. Pyran derivatives are a valuable class of heterocyclic compounds commonly found in nature.1In a variety of natural products, the …

Introduction The intermolecular forces acting between the molecules take a vital role in the interactions between the functional groups present in the binary as well as the ternary liquid mixtures. Due to the variations of these forces and the temperature of the solutions, thermo dynamical properties of the liquid system are also significantly changed. The study of the changes in …

Introduction Identifying a thermodynamically stable and acceptable solid form is an essential part that follows drug discovery. In past, overall goal of finding appropriate solid form was achieved by selecting low energy crystalline forms such as salts and polymorphs.1-5 However, the discovery of more poorly soluble drugs has obligated the scientists to explore more solid forms which can be used to …

Introduction Thinking about the commonness of different diseases, infections brought about by any type of microorganism ought not to be messed with; they can go through fundamental changes and cause serious medical problems. Antimicrobial resistance is quickly becoming one of the most severe medical problems of current day 1-3. Even after significant advancements in antimicrobial therapy, infectious diseases triggered by …

Introduction The high energy crisis, fossil fuels depletion & environment pollution becoming the major global challenges in recent and upcoming years 1. Due to global warming& pollution issues, today’s world is searching for a sustainable, clean, and environment friendly alternatives. With a vast study on fuel and its negative impacts, scientists came to know that, hydrogen fuel may be a …

Phase-field (PF) approach 1, 2 has been widely used to captures various solid-solid phase transitions (PTs) 3–11. Lately, it has been discovered that the finite-width interface plays a crucial role in controlling PTs for the different material systems 12, 13 such as PTs via intermediate molten state (IM ) which has been observed experimentally hundreds of degrees below the thermodynamic melting temperature …

Introduction MMC’s are used to improve the mechanical properties. Omkar Aranke et al.1 in this study stir casting method are used to produce composites of AL-7075 with MWCNTs. It is observed that microstructure study under SEM shows the uniform dispersion of MWCNTs. In this investigation hardness, tensile strength and impact strength of the material increases with various weight of MWCNT. …

Introduction Chalcone is the trivial name given to the α,β-unsaturated ketones,which are synthesized by condensing an aromatic aldehyde with an substituted acetophenone in the presence of a base. Chalcones are not only important precursors in the synthesis of many biologically active molecules, but they also make up a significant part of natural products1-5. Chalcones as well as their synthetic analogues …

Introduction Perimidine is a tri-cyclic heterocycle comprising two nitrogen atoms at the first and third positions, which enhances pi-electrons’ delocalization to the naphthalene ring from the fused heterocyclic ring. Perimidines’ biological behaviour has been the topic of numerous journal entries in recent years. Perimidines are robust motifs and an interesting family of N-heterocycles that have advanced significantly in recent years as …

Introduction Material science recently becomes more promising field in the catalysis and sensors technology. Most of the researchers are working on the material technology to defeat the environmental and industrial problems. Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization the pollution related problems are enhanced with high percentage leading to fatal toxic effects on human and animals. Thus, everyone is looking to get …

Introduction Bivalve aquaculture production, notably clam, oyster, mussel, and scallop culture, has been continuously increasing globally over the past few decades.1 Scallop shells are a by-product of the seafood industry that is cheap, abundant, and readily available. The annual discharge amount of the scallop shells is very high, and these wastes can cause environmental problems such asstrong unpleasant smell and soil pollution due …

Introduction Fibre reinforced polymer composites play a major role in wide variety of applications like aircraft, sport equipment, marine applications, automobile industries because of its higher mechanical properties and hence they serve as a promising material in the field of composite[1], [2]. But with respect to environmental concern, synthetic fibre composites create a negative vibe because of its adverse properties …

Introduction M-type hexaferrite of chemical formula AFe12 O19 (A = Ba, Sr, Pb) belongs to an important class of magnetic oxides exhibiting a wide range of interesting industrial and technological applications, including permanent magnet, magnetic recording, microwave absorption and microwave devices[1-10]. This range of applications can be facilitated by controlled tuning of the properties of BaM, which can be achieved by special …

Introduction Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) are rubbery materials that are basically a mixture of thermoplastics and rubbers. In other words, they have both rubbery and thermoplastic phases together and they are generally found as block co-polymers. While the hard segments of the blocks are thermoplastic phase, soft segment of the blocks represents the rubbery phase. Since hard segments function as physical cross-linking …

Introduction Perimidine is synthesized by inserting a one-carbon unit between the nitrogen and closing the ring of 1,8-naphthalenediamine. Heteroaromatic structure displaying the distinct properties of compounds with abundance and deficit of electrons at the same time. Perimidine is one such framework, and its amphoteric chemical properties make it a fascinating research topic. Perimidine derivatives are explored in terms of polymer chemistry, drug …

Introduction 3D Printing is the additive manufacturing (AM) technique, used for layer-by-layer material deposition in a defined cross-section. It generates customized complex geometries and shapes for a unique drug release pattern suitable for personalized drug therapy. 3D printers today are observed in many applications. In the aerospace industry, airplane engines are printed from industrial 3D printers. Engines printed have sophisticated geometries, …

Introduction Thermoset polymer Composites are important class of engineering materials used in modern day engineering applications. Advanced fast growing technology is composite technology in present scenario and replacing metal by its less weight. Composite materials characteristics to attain a particular objective, which guide to superior performance compare to other regular alloy materials. Hybrid composites is choice. The propeller is the …

Introduction The Chalcone is a simple scaffold found in many naturally occurring compounds mainly in flavonoids and isoflavonoids in plants or can be synthesized in laboratory by different methods. Basically chalcones are alpha, beta unsaturated ketone, in which two aromatic rings joined at 1 and 3 position (1,3-diphenyl-2E-propene-2-one).The two rings of chalcones are interconnected  by electrophilic nature of alpha beta …

Introduction Recently a rapid increase in the application of electronic devices leading to the development of the necessity of high energy stored secondary batteries1. Mostly Li-ion-based batteries are available in a liquid state, but they possess leakage problems which may cause fire and explosion, thereby raising safety issues2,3. These problems have been minimized in polymer-based solid electrolytes and more research …

Introduction NLO is a new era of science that is to play a vital role in the emerging technology of photonics even on nano applications, which is the technology of the 21st century. Nonlinear optical phenomena provide the conversion of frequency and optical switching [1-2]. Application of NLO depends on UV, refractive index, reflectance, extinction and absorption coefficient, dielectric constant …

Introduction The material science is now become a central hub for all research activities. Since there is very vast use of material science in countless fields of engineering technology and science. The use of various nanomaterials is highly desirable in the innumerable sections of science like electronics, sensors, transducers, photovoltaics, solar cells, biosensors etc. The extra ordinary results of materials …

Introduction Activated carbon is among the finest extensively acknowledged adsorbents on account of its high adsorptive limit for that reason, it has been usually exploited as adsorbent [1,2] and in catalysis [3,4] or Separating Techniques [5,6]. Thus, the significance for activated carbon is escalating. In spite of, Actived carbon is pricey which confine its substantial choice application. from this day …

Introduction The dielectric relaxation studies are  vital in analyzing the strength of the inter molecular interaction between the binary liquid systems [1-4]. Jyostna et al. [5] reported thermodynamic parameters of isoamyl alcohols and mono clinic aromatic liquid mixtures. Shakila et al. [6] studied the dielectric properties of aromatic alcohols and aliphatic amines at different temperatures. In general, dielectric relaxation time …

Introduction For as far back as not many decades a tremendous exertion has been centered around the creation of electrochemical capacitors or supercapacitors for higher force and vitality thickness than batteries and regular capacitors [1]. The carbon-based materials, progress metal oxides, and leading polymer are generally utilized as cathode material for an electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) and pseudocapacitors because of …

Introduction Materials always play an essential role in human history by providing suitable viability in different applications starting from the Stone Age, Bronze Age, or silicon age[1]. Aircraft and aerospace industries enhanced with alloys with low weight and high strength lead to less fuel consumption with high efficiency[2–4].Metallic alloys, particularly aluminum alloys, magnesium, and copper alloys, play an essential role …

Introduction Soft Matter There are two classes of matter – hard and soft. Hard matter is characterized by shape rigidity and elasticity under small forces and plasticity and fragility above a certain magnitude of force, ability to sustain shear, and strong anisotropy in properties. In contrast, soft matter change their shape under very small forces, even thermal fluctuations, are unable …

The evolution of the metalworking industry over the centuries was greatly influenced by the development of a large range of cutting tools. Tool surface quality improvement with hard coatings generated considerable progress in the metal cutting industry. Hard coatings were composed mainly of nitrides, carbides, borides, and oxides of transition metals (typically Ti, Cr, Zr).1-5 Tool surface hardening includes chemical …

Introduction All structural components can be manufactured with defects such as cracks. Cracks may or may not propagate and, in most applications, certain load values applied and below critical size do not propagate. However, the defect that today does not propagate if the component is subjected to normally applied loads can propagate later, perhaps years later, due to accidental exceptional …

Introduction The material science now a days become the prime field of research due to excellent and promising application of the materials in the various field of science, engineering and technology. The use of material science, ceramics, nanomaterials in the diverse field is very huge because of their inherent properties such as high stability, accessibility, catalytic activity, thermal stability, cheap …

Introduction In the electronic devices, a great amount of energy is released in the form of Joule heat. This reduces the lifetime of the devices. To tackle this problem, one of the approach can be replacing these devices with quantum devices. Quantum devices work on the principles of quantum mechanics like quantum tunnelling, quantum entanglement and so on. Quantum tunnelling …

Background Ag-NPs are promising material for drug, antiseptics, household and anticancer therapy.1 Its side effects are lasting but still have no approval of widespread uses as its toxicity for cells of human, animal and environment are detected.2, 3 There were many studies on Ag-NPs on prenatal studies on both pups and dams in different animals’ species. These studies evoked that …

Introduction Plastic is a kind of synthetic polymer that is widely used for daily human life. The application of plastic almost in every product such as packaging, automotive component, kitchen equipment and children’s toys.1-4 Various advantages possessed by the plastic, i.e. lightweight but strong, transparent, flexible, waterproof and cheap. However, the weakness of plastic is non-biodegradable in environment. Plastics often …

Introduction Hexagonal ferrites (hexaferrites) belonging to an important class of magnetic oxides were discovered in the 1950s, and demonstrated high potential for important practical applications with economic feasibility, which led to an increasing interest in the production and characterization of these materials. The major utilization of hexaferrites is in the production of permanent magnets, as well as a wide range …

Introduction Mobility assistive devices are designed to recover the mobility problems to improve the ability to move with an aim to help people enjoy independent movement.1-5 Patients who use mobility aids usually have more confidence and feelings of protection, thus they have increased activity levels than the people who do not use these.3-7 Mobility aids can be of different types. …

Introduction With progress of technology focus is always laid on energy utilization, demand and also on sustainability for future. To sustain the ever growing demand of energy more stress is on development of materials for high performance electrodes, energy storage. High energy densities, high power delivery, low cost, low operating temperature make these materials suitable for energy applications. In recent …

Introduction Electrodes are the integral part of devices related to power production, communication, charge storage and light harvesting. They play an important role in powering systems of portable electronic devices like batteries and supercapacitors.1 They have attracted worldwide attention due to various functions as energy storage appliances, in digital communication devices, digital cameras, mobile phones, electric tools and solar cell.2-6 …

History of Superconductivity1-3 has seen a series of sudden surprises. 1st surprise is the discovery4 of superconductivity itself, by Prof. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in Leiden, Holland, in 1911 [H.K. Onnes, Comm. Leiden 120b], with his clarification in 1913 [H.K. Onnes, Comm. Leiden, Suppl. Nr. 34]. Our journey will take us finally to the very surprising discovery (2008) and subsequent study …

Opening Remarks Extensive research efforts are ongoing to develop materials that can be used as temporary implants in the human body to perform multiple functions depending on the nature of ailment. Among the metals, zinc and magnesium based materials have garnered significant attention in recent years to serve as temporary implants. This article aims to provide a snapshot of their …

Introduction The threaten problem of global warming and climate change have allowed the benefits of nuclear power such as non-production of greenhouse gases to be recognized. The future nuclear energy depends largely on the management of radioactive waste generated at different steps of the nuclear fuel cycle. Waste disposal expert (mainly radioactive waste) all over the world believes that ultimate …

Introduction The flat plate collectors are still among the most popular devices to intercept and exploit solar energy. The absorbed solar energy is transferred to a fluid passing in contact with its absorber plate. Increasing the efficiency of such a device has aroused the interest of many investigators.1-8 The main part of such a system is its absorber plate whose …

Introduction Various water treatment practices such as sedimentation–flocculation, coagulation, molecular sieving, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, membrane filtration, ozonation, chlorination, and chemical precipitation, have been utilized to remove pollutants. However, the application of combined adsorption-photocatalysis technique was found to accomplish complete degradation of pollutants into the water, gas and mineral forms.1 The metal oxides such as titanium oxide (TiO2), zinc oxide …

Introduction Accidents, falls, sports injuries or other causes such as low bone density and osteoporosis may lead to bone injuries/fracture.1 Implantation of bone autografts or allografts is considered an ideal strategy to heal bone defects. However, some drawbacks such as limited availability, extended surgical time and complications related to its harvesting process like donor site morbidity and pain limit the …