Introduction Nanoscience and nanotechnology is a promising and desirable field in every subject matters including medical, environmental and allied course. Nanoparticles has dimension in the range 1-100nm. The green nanoparticles prepared have varied purposes such as sensing, dye degradation, cosmetics, drug delivery, food industry, antioxidant etc.1-6   The synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) can be executed using different methods, including physical, …

Introduction One of the human goals is getting an environmentally friendly technology in order to overcome the pollution probelems. As it is well known, the capacity use of the gas refrigerators (Freon refrigerators) is one of the main reason for the harmful changes in climate by increasing the Ozone hall. The potential success in synthesis a new materials and studying …

Introduction The 1-tetralone 1, a readily available bicyclic ketone with aliphatic as well as aromatic ring, is an economical, inexpensive andvaluable precursor for the construction of a number of natural products and compounds of medicinal importance.1-16 A derivative of 1-tetralone, 4, 7-dimethyl-6-methoxy-1-tetralone, is the fundamental structure of Aristelegone A, a natural product used in Chinese Traditional Medicines.17 4-hydroxy- 1-tetralone is …

Introduction Metal foams are cavitied structures occupied by solid metal with gas-filled pores acquiring a large volume. They have various unique properties simultaneously such as low density (greater porosity), high compression strength, higher stiffness, more energy absorption property & low thermal conductivity which make it desirable for structural & functional applications.1 The commonly used metal foams are made up of aluminium, titanium, …

 Introduction In the last two decades, fabrication of inorganic semiconductor materials widely attracted researchers because of their excellent chemical and physical properties. Among all II-VI group semiconductors, ZnS having cubic and hexagonal crystal structure with large band gap (~3.63 eV)and high refractive index in the visible range.1-4 The various synthesized method has been used to fabricate ZnS such as thermal decomposition, …

Introduction The presence of fluoride beyond the permitted limits is considered detrimental in drinking water. Contamination of drinking water by fluoride, due to its natural presence from dissolution containing rocks, or by man’s activities is one that affects human health and well being.1–4 Most of the countries in the world have witnessed people falling victims to fluorosis.5 Ethiopia is one …

Introduction The field of material science, nanotechnology, and electromechanical studies has developed beginning late and the centrality of this subject growth in the gathering of jobs as the vehicle, flying, bundling, gadgets, biotechnology, adaptable sensors, and different unmistakable applications.1-3 In such way, the enhancements polymer nanocomposites subject to graphene materials have changed into a most imperative advancement. Graphene is a …

Introduction Solid polymer electrolytes i.e. polymer salt complexes are having great significance in various electrochemical devices such as fuel cells, high-energy batteries,display devices and gas sensors etc.1-4 Because of their wide range of composition, having good quality of interfacial contact between the electrode-electrolyte and ease of preparation polymers are more preferable over crystalline materials. In particular, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is an …

Introduction Porous alumina ceramics have attracted a significant attention due to their good thermal stability even at elevated temperatures, constructive surface properties, chemical stability, and relatively high strength.1-10 Porous alumina ceramic materials are widely used for many applications such as catalyst supports,11-13 bone tissue engineering,14-16 membrane,17-19 high temperature filtration,20 water desalination21-23 diesel particulate filters24 and as an anodic oxide coating in …

Introduction Ag NPs have gained significant interest for diverse applications, such as bio-sensing,1 catalysts,2 antimicrobial,3 and antibacterial applications.4 Ag NPs have been widely synthesized by reducing of Ag+ ions with suitable reducing agents such as ascorbic acid,5 chitosan,6 NaBH4,7 glucose8 and other naturally extract products. In these protocols, a stabilizing agent is usually needed to prevent Ag NPs from aggregation.9 …

Introduction Portland cement is a type of material obtained from the rotary kiln cooking of a mixture of limestone and clay, which is brought to sinter to form an intermediate product called clinker, which is mixed with plaster, giving rise to Portland cement.1 The clinker consists of 95% of calcium oxides, silicon, aluminium and iron and 5% of impurities of …

Introduction Light metal alloys are very sensitive to defects and damages that can compromise the reliability of machines, Helicopters and airplanes. Notwithstanding such sensitivity light alloys are more and more used in applications for which the strength-to-mass is fundamental and has to reach high levels. Fail-Safe design approach requires very accurate knowledge of time for crack propagation and, nowadays, we …

Introduction The escalating population, industrialization and continuous depletion of traditional fuel reservoirs have been serious issues over natural energy production and its storage since last few decades.1 The demands for production of energy and well regulated system for energy storage is continuously increasing day by day for present and future needs. The source of energy should associate with environmental protection …

Materials We learn from books that matter exists in three states, solid, liquid and gas. However, in our daily lives we know that this is not always true. For example, we never see something like ‘liquid stone’ or ‘wood vapor’! On careful observation we find that our first statement is strictly true for only some types of matter that are …

Introduction The cellulose is commonly used in paper, film, textiles, building material and for the production of food additives. Recent researches are also focusing on solving environmental problems such as designing a cellulose-based absorbent for oil spills and heavy metal pollution on water or land1 and for making filters for industrial2 and municipal wastewater treatment.3 Natural plant fibres are made up …

Introduction Manufacturing industries always concern about the quality of their products. In drilling, a good surface roughness and roundness of the holes are among the quality that cannot be ignored. Surface roughness – often termed as roughness, is a component of surface texture. It is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface …

Introduction Using synthetic plastics has increased significantly from the last several years due to its a serious impact on the environment especially plastic wastepollution.1-3 Generally, synthetic plastic has disadvantage such as undegradable in the environment, expensive, and limitation of using due to it made from oil.4 To reduce the use of synthetic plastic, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is one of the candidates …

Introduction It is important to calculate the strain and stress distributions to know the mechanical behaviour of composites. Composite applications are mostly found in automotive, aeronautical and sports arena. Moreover, they are used in making wind turbines, storage tanks, machinery parts and medical equipment. They become the first choice of the industries because of their unique mechanical and physical properties. …

Introduction Friction stir welding is one part of solid welding and founded by The Welding Institute in 1991. FSW utilize the heat from friction the tool against the workpiece under the axial pressure of the weld area so as resulting the metal soften, mix and deform, but not the melting of metals.1,2 Material joining with different types of material such …

Introduction Recently porous ceramics, polymers, metals, and composites are presently on focus of many engineering research studies as well as industrial development studies.1-10 Porous ceramic materials exhibit many distinct characteristics when compared with the metals and polymers, such as high hardness, specific surface area, chemical inertness, wear resistance, thermal shock resistance, corrosion resistance, excellent mechanical and chemical stability at elevated …

Introduction In the processes of extractive gold metallurgy, the use of cyanide leaching is perhaps the most widely used method worldwide; by the ease of operation, its low cost and high levels of precious metal recovery. However, neutralization, in most processing plants, is not done properly, and leftovers of the solution with free cyanide are dumped in concentrations harmful to …

Introduction Perovskite having ABO3 formula is a versatile ceramic structure with applications as semiconductor, catalyst, sensors, memory devices and others. Calcium Copper titanate is a modified perovskite structure material (also referred to as aurivillius structure) having applications in the above-mentioned domain in addition to application as magnetic materials after doping. The parent structure of perovskite is modified due to superimposition …

Introduction From Literature review it was found, the strength of the solar PV system with Net-metering arrangements has increased from 7.6 GW in 2007 to 13.5 GW in 2008 and was 21 GW at the end of 2009. Similarly, annual solar PV generation also had increased from 3.7 GW in 2007 to 10.7 GW in 2009.1 The geographical location of …

Introduction Self-healing materials are very important due to increased service life and decreased maintenance costs. Since composites are composed of two or more different compounds, detection of damages and repair of the damages in the composites are very difficult.1 So, especially, composites require self-healing property. Different methods are used to produce self-healing composites such as vascular systems, microcapsules or introduction …

As a plausible solution to the issues of ever increasing global cases of degenerative maladies, dearth of apposite organ-donors, sky-rocketing medical expenditures and incessantly clambering morbidity rates, research in the realm of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) has paced up appreciably in the last few years.1 In this regard, a handful of laboratories across the world is dedicated toward …

Alloy development is integral to the evolution of human society. Comparatively superior (isolated or combination of) properties are always desired and required by engineers as the conditions of the services are continuously getting stringent and high-performance expectations and enhanced levels of reliability are always sought by end users. Besides, engineers are always stretching the limits of materials primarily through alloy …