Table of Contents - Volume 4 Number 2

In this paper, IR spectroscopy which uses the Fourier transform is dealt with using Wavelet
Transform. Data from FTIR instrument is re-analysed using MATLAB programs prepared for this
purpose. Analysis of peaks of carbonyls, OH groups etc using such wavelet transform reconstruction
indicates additional remarks and a better elucidation of chemical structures. The principles, the
method are fully illustrated with typical chemicals.

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A new thermo acoustic analysis has been used to detect the photochemical reactions in disodium hydrogen citrate, a drug designed to aid in maintaining physiological alkalinity of the blood and urine and to use for peritoneal dialysis. Certain direct and derived acoustic parameters of
pure medicine and that exposed to solar radiations have been determined as a function of temperature. Plots of these parameters versus temperature have been made. The nature of variation and the relative shift in the curves for the exposed samples compared with the unexposed ones have been used to study photo-chemical reactions. The results have been explained in the light of existing theories and confirmed using UV absorption spectra of the samples.

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A new thermo-optic analysis has been used to detect the photochemical reactions in salbutamol, a drug used as anti asthmatic/bronchodilator. Certain derived optic parameters of pure medicine and that exposed to solar radiations have been determined as a function of temperature. Plots of these parameters versus temperature have been made. The nature of variation and the relative shift in the curves for the exposed samples compared with the unexposed ones have been used to study photochemical reactions. The results have been explained in the light of existing theories and confirmed using UV absorption spectra of the samples.

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Chicken feathers, generated in large quantities while processing chicken for meat, by and large are going waste. Added to that, the disposal of feather waste at the processing plants is posing ecological problems. The problem is more serious in India due to the prevailing marketing habits. Chicken meat is processed and sold in small and scattered shops in urban areas of India, unlike in the developed countries and the generated feather waste is dumped mostly into canals indiscriminately resulting in serious pollution. Present study is aimed at finding ways and means to use chicken feather in polymer matrix composites, replacing the existing man made fibers. Chicken feathers were collected from a local meat shop, processed to prepare chicken feather fibers (CFF) and then mixed with polyester resin for preparing the composite material. Test samples were prepared with varying fractions of feather fiber (0 - 3.0%) using hand lay-up process. An increase in elastic modulus and tensile strength of the composite over the virgin polymer was observed up to 2.0% weight fraction. Similar trend was observed in flexural tests also. SEM examination revealed proper interaction between the polymer and feather fiber. In addition, the low density of feather fiber resulted in a composite that is lighter. The lower cost combined with reasonably higher strength of CFF-Polyester composite qualify it for specific consumer applications like nonstructural auto components and coverings for domestic gadgets etc.

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Composite solid electrolytes with enhanced conductivity have been prepared by chemical, mechanical and thermal treatment in KCl-ZrO2 system. The composites so prepared have been characterized by measuring the electrical conductivity in wide range of compositions (upto 60 m/o ZrO2). The conductivity has been observed to increase with increase of molar concentration of ZrO2 up to 30 m/o ZrO2 , beyond which it decreases.

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Measurement of electrical conductivity (s) and Seebeck coefficient (S) of the studied superionic system Li2O: P2O5: WO3 have been reported in the temperature range 415K to the melting point 1110K of the solid. All the measurement have been performed on solidified melt. The studied system shows a clear superionic phase. In the temperature range 950K to 1110K, it shows high ionic conductivity (si ~ 90W-1 m-1 at 1050K) with small (0.38eV) activation energy and almost negligible electronic conductivity. Molar magnetic susceptibility (XM) and dielectric constant (K) have also been measured against temperature to confirm anomalies observed in s and S results.

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Visible light emission is reported from boron doped p+ type porous silicon films. These films were prepared by stain etched method. In this method KOH pallets were used in de-ionized water at 75?C for etching silicon samples. Blue and green light area observed from these porous silicon samples. The visible photoluminescence originates from direct transitions between energy levels in the quantum wells.

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In different percentages of dioxane-water solvent mixture the densities, refractive indices and viscosities of dehydroacetic acid have been measured. From the data, the relative viscosity, molar refraction and polarizability constants have been calculated and they are used to find out the solute-solvent interactions.

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There are some industrial applications like spray formed billet cooling by impinging jets where the target and the jet are not orthogonal but the oblique.Therefore, study of inclination of target plate on heat transfer between impinging jet and flat plate is important. In the present work, inclination effect is studied for the oblique angles of 45o, 60o and 75o at a given Z/D of 6 and Reynolds number of 23000. The fins used are in the form of cubes of 2 mm size spaced at a pitch of 5 mm on the target plate. It is observed that there is augmentation in heat transfer rate .

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The 8-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetraphenyl-3,4-dihydrobenzo[2,3-d]pyrimidine is synthesized by the condensation of 2-amino-1-benzoyl-3-cyano-5-hydroxy-4,5,6-triphenyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene and formamide using K-10 clay as catalyst under microwave ir-radiations.

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The virial coefficient of d-dimensional Lennard-Jones (LJ) (12-6) fluid mixture in the semi classical limit are studied. Explicit expressions for classical and first quantum correction of the second virial coefficient of the LJ (12-6) fluid mixture are derived. The results are discussed. The excess second virial coefficient depends on the dimensionality ?d?.

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The studies of ultrasonic velocities, refractive indices and surface tension are being increasingly used as tools for investigation of the properties of pure components and the nature of intermolecular interactions between the liquid mixture constituents. Refractive indices (nD), ultrasonic velocities (U) and surface tension (s) have been measured for the binary liquid mixture of Anisaldehyde +benzene over the entire composition range at 303.15 K. This study involves the evaluation of different thermo acoustical parameters along with the excess properties. The Redlich-Kister model was used to correlate the measured properties. It was found that in all cases, the experimental data obtained fitted with the values correlated by the corresponding models very well. The molecular interactions existing between the components were also discussed.

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Phase transition study of the superionic system Li3BO3 : x Li3PO4 with x = 0.0, 0.33, 0.50, 0.67, 1.0 1.5 and 2.0 has been done in the temperature internal of 500 K to the melting point of the studied materials. This study has been done by molar magnetic susceptibility (cM) and dielectric constant (K) measurements. The temperature around which anomaly appears in cM and log K against absolute temperature plots, is the phase transition temperature and is also confirmed by electrical conductivity (s) and Seebeck coefficient (S) results. Studied materials remain diamagnetic throughout the measurement.

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The 8-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetraphenyl-3,4-dihydrobenzo[2,3-d]pyrimidine is synthesized by the condensation of 2-amino-1-benzoyl-3-cyano-5-hydroxy-4,5,6-triphenyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene and formamide using KSF clay as catalyst under microwave ir-radiations.

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The relative viscosity measurements have been reported to explain structural interactions of sodium halides and potassium halides (0.125M - 3M) in aqueous thioacetamide solutions at different temperatures. The structural aspects of the alkali halide solutions have been interpreted by the ionic molar volume (V±), ionic B-coefficients (B±) and hydration number of ions (nB). The change in these data is attributed to the structure making and structure breaking extent of various ions (Na+ , K+, Cl-, Br- and I-) present in the aqueous thioacetamide solution.

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The structure of vanadium soaps (palmitate, stearate) in solid state was studie using x-ray diffraction analysis technique. The x-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the vanadium soaps possess single layer structure and metal divalent ions are arranged in a parallel plane.

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Aromatic hydrazones were cyclised in the presence of formic acid to gave pyrazoles under microwave irradiation and conventional heating and the rate of reaction by microwave irradiation was found to be 250 times than the conventional heating method.

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A pollutant is nothing but a misplaced resources. It is very true in case of nutrient. Excessive fertilization of natural water is becoming one of the most important causes of water quality-deterioration. Hospital effluent contains Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Ortho Phosphate, Organic Phosphate, Ammonia etc. which stimulated the growth of flora. When these partially treated or untreated hospital effluents find their way into water bodies they increase the amount of nutrients. Now a day the Eutrophication has become a threat of the existence of water bodies.

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Porous silicon has a great potential in photonics applications due to its tunability of refractive index by controlling the porosity of its layer during formation. Hence, the bandwidth of ?Photonic Bandgap? can be tuned by refractive index contrast of two constituent layers of porous silicon. In the present work, we have prepared porous silicon of boron doped silicon wafer with <100> orientation by vapor phase chemical etching and electrochemical etching. The ellipsometry characterization divulges the variation in refractive index of bulk silicon after pore formation of the two samples obtained to be 1.83 and 2.1. The XRD spectra reveal the shifting of intensity peak to its higher values, which confirms the existence of porous silicon. A broad peak in the spectra shows that the porous silicon has the same orientation as that of the bulk silicon and the etching process does not change its orientation. The FTIR shows the existence of strong hydrogen incorporation in porous silicon which can be minimized by annealing. The characterization of surface morphology using AFM, demonstrates the pore diameters are 70nm and 85nm of sample S1 and S2 respectively.

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The Density and Ultrasonic velocity measurement were carried out in aqueous solution of glycine, L-alanine, L-valine, L-Leucine and L-phenyl alanine in 10% 1,4-dioxane at 298.15 K Also from the density and ultrasonic velocity measurement, adiabatic compressibility (bad ) , intermolecular free length (Lf) specific acoustic impedance (z) Relative association (RA) and Hydration number (nH) are calculated at the temperatures, 298.15 K. All these parameters are related to type and extent of intermolecular interactions in binary liquid mixtures. All the results were interpreted in the light of ion -ion and ion – solvent interactions and of structural effect of solutes in solutions.

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Measurement of electrical conductivity (s) and Seebeck coefficient (S) of the studied superionic system Li2O: P2O5: WO3 have been reported in the temperature range 415K to the melting point 1110K of the solid. All the measurement have been performed on solidified melt. The studied system shows a clear superionic phase. In the temperature range 950K to 1110K, it shows high ionic conductivity (si ~ 90W-1 m-1 at 1050K) with small (0.38eV) activation energy and almost negligible electronic conductivity. Molar magnetic susceptibility (XM) and dielectric constant (K) have also been measured against temperature to confirm anomalies observed in s and S results.

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Nine pure sodium phenylalkane sulphonates, namely, 3-phenyltetradecane, 5-pheyltetradecane, 7-phenyltetrdecane, 3-phenylhexadecane, 5-phenylhexadecane, 7-phenylhexadecane, 1-phenyldode-cane, 1-phenyltetrdecane and 1-phenylhexadecane sodium sulphonates, were prepared and their capabilities for lowering dynamic interfacial tension (D-IFT), were evaluated in n-octane/NaOH aqueous systems. The effects of surfactant structure and the concentration of added NaOH on the tension behaviour of these anionic surfactant systems, were studied. Tension behaviour of surfactant are considered the backbone for evaluating and designing practical formulations used for surfactant flooding systems.

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The liquid - phase alkylation of benzene with 1-dodecene has been investigated in the presence ion- exchanged bentonite. The comparison of the activities of Fe3+, Al3+, and Zr 4+ exchange bentonite indicate that the best results were obtained with Fe3+ exchange bentonite. The influence of various reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, reactant feed ratio and catalyst amount affecting the activity and selectivity of Fe3+exchanged bentonite have been studied. The reactions were found to proceed under relatively mild conditions with excellent conversions, and a simple product isolation procedure was achieved. Fe3+ exchange could also be recycled and reused effectively for several times, thus rendering green characteristic to this reaction.

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The isolability concept utilized to explain cluster chemistry may simply be regarded as being synonymous to valence. By assigning a valence to organometallic fragments, many structures of organometaalic compounds can readily be explained. The valence of a fragment is deduced from the octet rule or the 18 electron rule. This paper briefly reflects and reviews the isolability concept and points out the its direct linkage to the valence concept. This approach will greatly improve and simplify the teaching of molecular cluster systems at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Ample examples of molecules to illustrate the application of valence concept to explain molecular geometry are given.

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The phenomena of desalination processes of the waters containing a considerable amount of calcium occurs both in cases of the pressure-driven membrane and electro- membrane processes, and is usually referred to as membrane scaling. Formation of mineral scale deposits is undesirable in various industrial processes where water and water treatment are involved, such as cooling systems, boilers, heat exchangers, filtration, mineral processing, oil and gas production, and geothermal systems. Common water formed scales include calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and barium sulfate. Most of scale found in Egyptian oil reservoirs was formed by direct precipitation from the formation water in high temperature and salinity reservoirs (Gulf of Suez Area), or from chemical incompatibility between injection water and formation water. In this study, ScaleChem software and laboratory Jar-testing were applied to evaluate the scale tendency of two Egyptian oil reservoirs existed in Gulf of Suez area. The two reservoirs were characterized by high temperature of 90-127 oC, and high salinity of 100,000-230,000 ppm. The salinity of injected water was 35,000 ppm. Both of theoretical software and laboratory Jar-testing results were comparing using an ion chromatograph (IC). Results ensured that the scales formation of calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate and strontium sulfate, and their relative quantities have been functions of pressure, temperature and mixing ratio. Validity of ScaleChem software results has been checked by conducting Jar test at reservoir conditions. The produced scales formed from the Jar test have been analyzed using X- ray diffraction (XRD) and their results have been compared with the output data of ScaleChem software. It have been found that an excellent agreement obtained between results of ScaleChem software and Jar test, in addition the results of Jar test have been founded to be in a good agreement with field observations.

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A Cu(II) bimetallic ferrocene-thiosemicarbazone-based ligand complex* containing a phenyl fragment has been synthesized and analyzed. Paramagnetic Shift studies of 1H NMR and 13C NMR have been conducted on the complex. A comparison has been made with a similar that containing a methyl fragment. It has been found that whereas the Cu(II) paramagnetic influence may shift or even block the 1H NMR signals of the ligand in the complex, it completely inhibits the appearance of 13C NMR signals in the complexes studied. * Structure of ligand LH is given in Fig. 1.

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Some natural polymers (carrageenans) were tested as corrosion inhibitors for pure aluminium and pure tin in hydrochloric and nitric acid solutions, respectively, using the weight loss and thermometric techniques. It was found that the investigated compounds exhibited a very good performance as inhibitors for corrosion of these metals in all tested media. The degree of inhibition depends on the nature of the metal, nature of the inhibitor and type of the medium. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of the inhibitor in the order: k-carrageenan < i-carrageenan < l-carrageenan. The inhibitive action of these natural polymers was discussed in view of adsorption of the molecules on the metal surface. This adsorption was found to follow TemKin adsorption isotherm in all tested media. Also, effect of temperature on the corrosion parameters was studied and discussed. Molecular orbital treatment was done to rationalize the electronic structure and the ground state properties of the studied carrageenan compounds.

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In this study, sepiolite was modified with nitric acid, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid and hexa decyl trimethyl ammonium. The changes on the surfaces of sepiolite samples were studied in the IR spectroscopy. Pure and modified sepiolite were used as adsorbents. The adsorption of aniline was examined by means of gas chromatography. As the result of these examinations, it was seen that the adsorption capacities of the clay-organic complexes; sepiolite-HDTMA was higher than sepiolite-EDTA. The least adsorption was observed on surface of sepiolite-HNO3. Off all sepiolite-samples it was determined that the pure sepiolite adsorbed the highest amount of aniline.

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Silicon Carbide (SiC) is an attractive wide bandgap semiconductor for high temperature, high power or high frequency applications. In this work , we study metal contacts on single crystal silicon carbide(Polytype 4H SiC). The polytype 4H SiC exhibits high electron mobility and low mobility anisotropy compared to other SiC polytypes. Contacts are prepared by evaporating metals of different work functions on n type 4H SiC. The electrical characteristics of the junctions obtained are determined as a function of temperature. Analysis of the current-voltage characteristics gives information on the nature of the contact (ohmic type or Schottky barrier rectifying type), capacitance-voltage measurements gives information about the barrier height, doping concentration as well as the distribution of shallow and deep levels near the surface of the contact.

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In this paper we generalize the construction of a bicrossproduct Hopf algebra from a factorization of a finite group X into a subgroup G and a subsemigroup H. In addition, we show that these bicrossproduct Hopf algebras are self-dual as Hopf algebras whenever they correspond to factor-reversing automorphisms of X.

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Boron and boron compounds are widely used in industrial applications. In the boron reserves colemanite is one of the most important underground riches. In this study, the dissolution of thermally dehydrated colemanite in aqueous sulphuric acid solutions was investigated in a batch reactor employing the parameters of dehydration temperature, acid concentration and reaction temperature. It was found that the dissolution rate increased with increasing dehydration temperature, acid concentration and reaction temperature.

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Silicon Carbide (SiC) is very important subject for the industrial applications. It has wide band gap structure, so it can be used for high power or high frequency applications. This work concentrates in using gold (Au) and chromium (Cr) as metal contact on single crystal silicon carbide( 4H-SiC ) . This type of SiC showed low mobility anisotropy , but high electron mobility. Thermal evaporation has been used to deposit gold or chromium metals with purity of 99.99% on top of the SiC wafer to form a contact area . The contact area had diameter ranging from 1 to 2 mm. The electrical measurements of the junction were obtained, and used to characterize the current -voltage behavior as well as capacitance-voltage. These measurements were enabling us to study the barrier height doping concentration, as well as the deep levels of the device near the surface.

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In this paper, we show that for the algebras A and A, the map q: A ? A defined by qA(ds ?u) = dsg( a )?g ( a )-1u , where (ds ?u) ? A and a = {ds ?u}, is a morphism in the category C. Moreover, it is shown that the morphism q : A ? A is an algebra map.

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The electrical conductivity for the glass system (AgPO3)1-x(AgI)x, where 0 ??? 0.5, is determined by the impedance method in the frequency range 100Hz-1MHz and the temperature range from room temperature to glass transition temperature.The impedance plot appeared on the complex plane as semicircles passing through origin The temperature dependence of conductivity grows linearly reaching a value of 0.6?10-2 (W-1cm-1) for a composition x=0.5 which is identified as a ?fast-ionic? conductor. Variations of e' and e" with frequency and temperature are found , which corresponds to an interfacial process. The dielectric constant is found to be increasing with increase AgI content which is due to the fact that the mobile ion concentration increases, which leads to the increasing of conductivity. The composition The charge-discharge processes of Ag/SE/Ag2S battery using AgPO3 -AgI superionic glasses based solid electrolyte is studied.

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The molecular geometry and vibrational wavenumbers of sulfamic acid have been calculated using the Hartree-Fock method with 6-31G* basis set. Comparison of the observed fundamental vibrational wavenumbers of sulfamic acid with calculated results by ab initio method are found in agreement with the experimental data. Predicted infrared intensities, Raman activities and force constants are reported.

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The Density viscosity and ultrasonic velocity measurement were carried out in aqueous solution of glycine, L-alanine, L-valine, L-Leucine and L-phenyl alanine in 0.02 M LiClO4.3H2O at 298.15 K. The values of apparent molar volume, limiting apparent molar volume, adiabatic compressibility, apparent molar adiabatic compressibility have been evaluated from density and sound speed data. These values are used for calculatating the number of water molecule hydrated(nH) to the amino acids. The viscosity data have been analyzed by using Jones-Dole equation. Transfer volumes at infinite dilution from water to aqueous lithium per chlorate have been also calculated . Transfer parameter have been interpreted in terms of solute-cosolute interaction on the basis of co-sphere overlap model .All the results were interpreted in the light of ion -ion and ion – solvent interactions and of structural effect of solutes in solutions.

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Thermo analytical methods play a significant role in the characterization of polymers and related composite materials. Methods include characterization of polymers through simultaneous TG-DTA, DTG and DSC and thermal data are used to evaluate the non isothermal kinetics and thermo dynamics of the solid state decomposition of polymers and related composite materials used non isothermal kinetics. The present review highlights recent developments in the thermal characterization of common thermoplastics, thermosetting polymers, resins, copolymers and polymer composites.

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The Density and Ultrasonic velocity measurement were carried out in aqueous solution of glycine, L-alanine, L-valine, L-leucine and L-phenyl alanine in 0.02 M LiClO4.3H2O at 298.15 Also from the density and ultrasonic velocity measurement, adiabatic compressibility (bad ) , intermolecular free length (Lf) specific acoustic impedance (z) Relative association (RA) and Hydration number (nH) are calculated at the temperatures, 298.15 K. All these parameters are related to type and extent of intermolecular interactions in binary liquid mixtures. All the results were interpreted in the light of ion -ion and ion – solvent interactions and of structural effect of solutes in solutions.

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Strontium substituted Lead zirconate (Pb1-XSrXZrO3 ( x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) ceramics have been synthesized by a novel method called urea-nitrate self-propagating combustion technique, using lead nitrates, strontium nitrates, zirconium nitrates as. oxidizer and urea?s as fuel at 550?C in preheated muffle furnace. The as-synthesized ceramic powder was heat treated at 800?C for 6h in order to get phase pure compounds. The prepared powder were characterized by XRD, FTIR, density, particle size analysis and BET surface and measurements. The XRD patterns obtained on these powders showed the formation of pure orthorhombic phase of PbZrO3 without any impurities. Thin sections of circular components of these powders were also made by uniaxial compression and were subject ed to annealing at different temperatures ranging 900?C to 1050?C for 2 h in order to throw light on their sintering behavior. The surface morphology of the sintered components was studied by SEM.

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Measurement of electrical conductivity (s) and Seebeck coefficient (S) have been performed on the solidified melt of the lithium based superionic system Li3PO4 : x Li3VO4 where x = 0.0, 0.33, 0.50, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 in the temperature range 500 K to the melting point of the materials. All the studied materials are purely ionic in superionic phase which has been observed below their melting point. At phase transition solids undergo from normal to superionic phase. Ionic and electronic parts of electrical conductivity have also been separated. These solids are mixed conductors in normal phase. Electrical conduction mechanism have also been discussed..

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The deviations between calculated and measured values of cohesive properties of alkali halides have motivated us to frame a model for calculating the same for rock salt structure alkali halides. The present approach shall include the effect of many body Coulombian, Born-Mayer type overlap repulsive and Van Der Waals (vdw) interactions in the framework of rigid shell model (R.S.M.). We hope that our results will show excellent agreement with measured cohesive energies for all the alkali halides. Further we will compare our result with atomization energy.

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The study of phase transition has been done in the temperature range 500 K to the melting point of the studied materials of the systems (1-x) Li3PO4 : x Li3VO4 with x = 0.0, 0.33, 0.50, 0.67 and 1.0 and Li3PO4 : x Li3VO4 with x = 0.0, 0.33, 0.50, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. The molar magnetic susceptibility xM and dielectric constant (K) measurements have been performed for the study of phase transition. At phase transition materials under go from normal to superionic phase. An anomaly appears in xM and log K vs temperature (T) plots at phase transition. This is also reflected in electrical conductivity (s) and Seebeck coefficient (S) studies. All the studied material remains diamagnetic throughout the measurement.

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Parallel communicating L systems are systems having the communicating components as L-systems. In parallel communicating L-array systems we have 0L-(T0L) Array systems as communicating components. These models generates interesting pictures, some results on generative capacity are given.

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The Density measurement was carried out in aqueous solution of glycine, L-alanine, L-valine, L-Leucine and L-phenyl alanine in 10% 1,4- dioxane solution at 308.15 K. The values of apparent molar volume, limiting apparent molar volume have been evaluated from density data. These values are used for calculatating the number of water molecule hydrated (nH) to the amino acids. Transfer volumes at infinite dilution from water to aqueous 1,4- dioxane solution have been also calculated. Group contribution to partial molar volumes has been determined for the amino acids. Transfer parameter have been interpreted in terms of solute-co solute interaction on the basis of co-sphere overlap model. All these parameters are related to type and extent of intermolecular interactions in binary liquid mixtures. All the results were interpreted in the light of ion -ion and ion – solvent interactions and of structural effect of solutes in solutions.

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Strontium substituted barium zirconate Ba1-xSrxZrO3 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) ceramics have been prepared by a urea-nitrate combustion technique, using barium nitrate, strontium nitrate and zirconium nitrate as oxidizers and urea as fuel at 5000C in a pre-heated muffle furnace. The as- synthesized powders were heat treated at 8000 C for 6 h in order to get phase pure compounds. The heat treat powders were characterized by XRD, density, BET surface area and particle size measurements. The XRD pattern obtained on these powders showed the formation of cubic phase of BaZrO3. Thin section of circular component of these powders was also made by uniaxial compression and were subjected to annealing at different temperatures from 900 to 10500 C for 2 h. The surface morphology of the sintered components was studied by scanning electron microscopy.

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Microwave synthesis of ferrite materials integrates the synthetic technology for information storage materials. Microwave route is adopted for the synthesis of nanosized NiFe2O4 using urea as a fuel. Nickel oxalates and iron oxalates were prepared by dissolving nickel and iron salt in oxalic acid solution. These two oxalates are irradiated with microwaves using urea as a fuel to get cubic NiFe2O4 particles. The structure of the prepared sample is studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) which shows crystalline cubic structure, Morphology of the sample is viewed by Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) which shows spherical particles with compact and globular arrangement. Metal-Oxygen and metal-metal bonding is studied by infrared (IR) technique.

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Bioremediation of hydrocarbon polluted soil can be achieved by natural attenuation, biostimulation and/or bioaugmentation processes. In this study the three technologies were evaluated to treat hydrocarbons polluted soil of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content of 42,000mg/kg semi-pilot scale cells, over an incubation period of 120 days at room temperature (25-30?C), moisture content of 45% and pH around neutrality. Bioaugmentation with bacterial consortium Pseudomonas aeruginosa I.1.1.6 and Brevibacterium casei I.2.1.7 showed the highest degradation potential (76%), followed by biostimulation process with biodegradation efficiency of (62%) and then come the natural attenuation (48%). Kinetic modeling was performed to estimate the rates of TPH biodegradation in the studied systems. Three different error functions (root mean square, sum of the absolute errors and average relative error) were employed in this study to evaluate the goodness of fit of the model equation to the obtained experimental data. This showed that the degradation was found to follow first order model. The highest rate constant (0.012 day-1) was observed in cell augmented with bacterial consortium I.1.1.6 and I.2.1.7, followed by biostimulation cell (0.008 day-1). The lowest rate constant was observed in natural attenuation cell (0.005 day-1). Accumulative evaluation of CO2 was good qualitative indicator of biodegradation activity in each cell. The CO2 formations in bioaugmented cells were relatively higher than those in natural attenuation and biostimulation cells.

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The Phase–transfer radical copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) and styrene (ST) with
benzyl-triphenylphosphoniumchloride was investigated in K2S2O8 aqueous-organic biphase system
at 65°± 0.1°C and under nitrogen atmosphere. The rate of copolymerization was expressed as the
combined terms of benzyl-triphenylphosphonium ion and peroxydisulphate ion in the aqueous
phase rather than the fed concentration of catalyst and K2S2O8. The effects of varying [AN/ST],
[ K2S2O8],[QX],[H+],ionic strength of the medium, and the temperature on the rate of copolymerization
(Rp) have also been studied. Rp is found to be proportional to [AN/ST]1,[ K2S2O8]0.5 and [QX]1.
Based on the kinetics results, a mechanism involving initiation by phase transferred S2O8
2- is
proposed.

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